Explanation Of Educational Material Pamphlet On...

Explanation of Educational Material: Pamphlet on Immunizations Introduction The purpose of patient education is to increase competence and determination of the clients in regards to the information they know and acquire. The goal for teaching is to have clients develop confidence in the information that they have gained, and that they feel they can trust where the information is coming from (Bastable, 2014). Health care facilities are the primary source of information for many clients and pamphlets, brochures, or booklets, and are designed to increase knowledge, awareness, sensitivity and intention to act. (Dana, 2005). The pamphlet I created is to educate parents of young children on myths and facts of immunizations. The layout of my†¦show more content†¦Parents determine if their children receive vaccinations, they have to take the child to the doctor’s office, and there has been a noticeable decline in vaccinations in children (Kruse, 2013). Children are given vaccines at a young age because this is when they are most vulnerable to disease , therefore it is important to reach the parents while the children are young (Center of Disease Control, 2012). Geography isn’t as much of a factor for my pamphlet because I would like to target as many parents as possible, not just ones of a certain geographical location. My pamphlet was designed to be very readable for parents, and relate images they would associate with vaccinations. The most important image I think that parents need is the chart on panel 2 and 3 indicating the schedule for when their children should receive vaccines. This is very important as many parents are unsure of when to get their children vaccinated, or what immunization they are receiving. As well, the content within the pamphlet is based on common misconceptions parents may have heard about vaccines. I wanted to explain why these myths were false, and base the information on reliable sources to help address the concerns of the parents and educate them the vaccines are safe for their children. The Learning Characteristics of the Target Population While creating this pamphlet I kept in mind that my target audience was an adult population who has very different learner

Collagen Facts and Functions

Collagen is a protein made up of amino acids that are found in the human body. Heres a look at what collagen is and how it is used in the body. Collagen Facts Like all proteins, collagen consists of amino acids, organic molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Collagen actually is a family of proteins rather than one specific protein, plus it is a complex molecule, so you wont see a simple chemical structure for it. Usually, youll see diagrams showing collagen as a fiber. It is the most common protein in humans and other mammals, making up 25 percent to 35 percent of the total protein content of your body. Fibroblasts are the cells that most commonly produce collagen. The word collagen comes from the Greek word kolla, which means glue.Eighty percent to 90 percent of the collagen in the human body consists of types I, II, and IIIÂ  collagen, although at least 16 different forms of the protein are known.Gram for gram, type I collagen is stronger than steel.Collagen used for medical purposes need not be human collagen. The protein may also be obtained from pigs, cattle, and sheep.Collagen may be applied to wounds to serve as a scaffold on which new cells can form, thus improving healing.Because collagen is such a large protein, it is not absorbed through the skin. Topical products that contain collagen cant actually deliver any of it below the skin surface to replenish damaged or aging tissue. However, topical vitamin A and related compounds do promote collagen production. Functions of Collagen Collagen fibers support body tissues, plus collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports cells. Collagen and keratin give the skin its strength, waterproofing, and elasticity. Loss of collagen is a cause of wrinkles. Collagen production declines with age, and the protein can be damaged by smoking, sunlight, and other forms of oxidative stress. Connective tissue consists primarily of collagen. Collagen forms fibrils that provide the structure for fibrous tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and skin. Collagen is also found in cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the cornea of the eye, intervertebral discs, muscles, and the gastrointestinal tract. Other Uses of Collagen Collagen-based animal glues may be made by boiling the skin and sinews of animals. Collagen is one of the proteins that give strength and flexibility to animal hides and leather. Collagen is used in cosmetic treatments and burn surgery. Some sausage casings are made from this protein. Collagen is used to produce gelatin, which is hydrolyzed collagen. It is used in gelatin desserts (such as Jell-O) and marshmallows. More About Collagen In addition to being a key component of the human body, collagen is an ingredient commonly found in food. Gelatin relies on collagen to set. In fact, gelatin can even be made using human collagen. However, certain chemicals can interfere with collagen cross-linking. For example, fresh pineapple can ruin Jell-O. Because collagen is an animal protein, theres some disagreement over whether foods made with collagen, such as marshmallows and gelatin, are considered vegetarian.

Stakeholder Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1945 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? 1. Briefly describe the seven steps of stakeholder analysis a. map stakeholder relationship Before the stakeholder relationship has been made, there are some questions that will be asked for analysis and identifying major stakeholder. The stakeholder to be selected must knowledgeable, current and close to the source of the issue at hand. The stakeholder analysis is only as valid and reliable as the sources and the processes use to obtain the information. For example, if the Mattel’s recalls, you would place the Mattel Inc. in the centre stakeholder box and then continue identifying the other groups involved with that issue. b. map stakeholder coalitions After identify and make a map of the stakeholders who is going to involved in the firm in the incident addressed, this step is to determine and map any coalitions that have formed. The coalition among the stakeholder is important. Interest groups and lobbyists sometimes join force against a commo n ‘enemy’. If the numbers of the advantages is seeing by, the competitor may join force. Mapping actual and potential coalitions around issues can help the CEO anticipate and design strategic responses toward these groups before or after they form. c. assess the nature of each stakeholders interest There are four types of stakeholders the CEO may face in the company. That is supportive, non-supportive, mixed blessing and marginal. The supportive and the non-supportive will against the CEO. While the mixed blessing and the marginal, the CEO are less sure for their support for the strategy. The opening example like Mattel, if you are the CEO, along with his staff, you might determine that the support of Mattel would be many. Non-supportive stakeholders or those who may include some shareholders and their lawyers, the Chinese government, members of the U.S. government, the victims and their families, consumers, competitors and the media. The interest of these stakeho lders is varying. By systematically, completing this audit, as a CEO in facing the crisis, it can create a broader or more objective picture in the situation faced. d. assess the nature of each stakeholders power There are eight types of power that different stakeholders exert, first, voting power, the ability of stakeholders to exert control through strength in numbers. Second, political power where the ability to influence decision making processes and agendas of republic and private organizations and institutions. The third is economic power, which the ability to influence by control over resources either monetary or physical. Forth, the technological power where the ability to influence innovations and decisions through uses of technology. The fifth is the legal power by the ability to influence laws, policies and procedure. The sixth is the environment power, where the ability to impact the nature. The seventh is the culture power, the ability to influence values, norms a nd habit of people and organizations and the last one is the power over individuals and groups. This is the ability to influence particular, targeted persons and groups through different forms persuasions. For instances, the Mattel suggests that shareholders, number of congress and individual constituent have voting power over the Mattel policies and officers jobs and responsibilities. In that case, the Chinese contractors and government representatives the economy power over the Mattel expenses and profit. While the U.S. government also use the political power for the Mattel’s operating and manufacturing polices and the process. e. construct a matrix of stakeholder moral responsibilities This step is to determine the responsibilities and moral obligations for company have to each stakeholder. A matrix of stakeholder has their own responsibilities. For example, the Mattel’s CEO may see the firm’s economic responsibility to the owner to preventing as many c ostly lawsuits as possible. Legally, the CEO may want to protect the owners and the executive team from liability and damage. This would entail proactively negotiating disputes outside the courts. Ethically, the CEO may keep the company’s stockholders and owners current regarding his or her ethical thinking and strategies to show responsibility toward all stakeholders. To complete the matrix in this stage, the ethical principles can be referring to follow as: utilitarianism (weighing costs and benefits), universalism (showing respect and concern for human beings), rights (recognizing individual liberties and privileges under laws and constitutions), justice (observing the distribution of burdens and benefits of all concerned). In this stage, the CEO might advise shareholders to show responsibility by publicly announcing their plans for resolving the problem. f. develop specific strategic and tactics After get the result from the preceding steps, it can continue to outli ne specific strategies and tactics that wish to use with each stakeholder. Firstly, a CEO should consider whether to approach each stakeholder directly or indirectly. Secondly, need to decide whether to do nothing, monitor, or take an offensive or defensive position. Third is determine whether to accommodate negotiate, manipulate, resist, avoid or ‘wait and see’. Finally, the CEO can decide what combination of strategies those want to comply to achieve the goal. g. monitor shifting coalitions In this stage, the time and the event can change the stakes and the stakeholders and their strategic. Tracking external trends and events and the resultant stakeholder strategies can help CEO and his or her team act and react accordingly. This dynamics process that occurs over time and is affected by the strategic and action that a CEO and the team direct with each stakeholder group as events occur. Decisions of a CEO are influenced by how effective the stakeholders respond a nd the CEO team strategic and action. A CEO would typically follow the utilitarian ethic of weighing costs and benefits of all your strategies and actions toward each major stakeholder group. If the CEO neglecting the public, the company ‘bottom line’ can be affect. By following the Mattel case, when you see the child who is harmed or may be at risk, you might have attempted to take care of each child. You may recall the manufacture at China, then plan meeting with the person in charged and pay a visit to the victim families to show the concern about the case and to protect the company image and reputation going forward. 2. Explain the diagnostic typology of organizational stakeholders The diagnostic typology of organizational stakeholders can be separate into two classes and four types. For the classes, the low class is the supportive and the marginal while the high class is mixed blessing and non-supportive. The diagnostic typology of organizational stakeholders shows two dimensions, that is potential for treat and potential for cooperation. The type one is the ideal strategic for the focus corporation. Type 1 is the supportive stakeholder with a low potential for threat and high potential for cooperation. Here the strategy of the focus company is to involve the supportive stakeholder. In contrast, the is a non-supportive stakeholder who show the high supportive for threat and a low potential for cooperation. The type four stakeholders is mixed blessing. The mixed blessing is with a high potential for threat and cooperation. In this situation, the stakeholder could become the supportive or non-supportive. And the last one is the type two, the marginal stakeholder. This stakeholder has a low potential for both threat and cooperation. This kind of stakeholder may not be interested in the issue of concern. 3. Discuss the 7-phase issue development process using an example Seven phase issue development process are felt need, media coverag e, interest group development and growth, leading political jurisdictions, federal government attention, legislation and regulation and litigation. The first is a felt need arises; this is for emerging events, advocacy groups. The second is media coverage. The media coverage is developing such as the television segment like news, internet, or the newspaper and other news and blogging sources. The third is the interest development gains momentum and grows. The fourth is the policies. These policies are adopted by leading political jurisdictions for cities, states and country. The federal government gives the attention to the issue occurred. The federal government have the responsible to hearing and the studies for the cases. The sixth is the issues and policies evolve into the legislation and regulation and the last one is issues and policies enter litigation. In the Mattel’s company, the CEO and the top level team is use this framework to anticipate and prevent the recalls an d also respond to the public about the cases. The Mattel toy recalls and its partnership with the Chinese contractors and subcontractors the outsourcing debate in general is related to the topic to analyse by using the second issue frame work that is media coverage. There is an article which is written by Christopher Clott’s with the title â€Å"Perspectives on Global Outsourcing and the Changing Nature of Work†. This article provided the excellent background information. These seven steps are useful in identifying and following the public issues like the Mattel’s Inc. faced. 4. Describe the 4-stage issue life cycle approach There are four stages in life cycle, which is social expectation, political issues, legislation and social control. The first step is social expectation and the awareness. In this process, it is about the social discussion and debate. The societal awareness is low at first and approached the highest at stage there that is legislative e ngagement and decrease when it reaches the stage four. The social awareness is like the emerging the events, advocacy books and so on. In the event, they will discuss about the problem occurred and debate about the problem. The interest group will pay the attention if the problem is related to them. The second of the stage of life cycle is the political awareness. The political awareness involved the media attention and the hearing is held. In this stage, is include the incorporate of the media coverage available in the country, the interest group development and growth and the leading political jurisdictions adopt policies. The third phase is the legislative engagements which are law passed, legal involvement and regulations enacted. And the last stage is social control and litigation. This are include the compliance issues, legal conflict and court rulings. 5. Identify and explain the 4-stage approach to crisis management Crisis management is a method that to study how corpo ration and leaders respond to the crisis faced. By using this method, it is essential for understanding and possibly preventing the future fiascos because crises is continue to occur year by year. There are the four stages for crisis management. That is prodramal, acute, chronic and conflict resolution. The prodromal or pre-crisis is also known as the warning stage. The second stage still can proceed although this stage is not recognized or does not actually occur, but is requiring the damage control. For the example, Mattel experienced several recalls with its Chinese subcontractors. First recall is given by sending a warning sign that issues existed. Represented from the Mattel let the subcontractor takes blame at first. In the second stage, acute crisis which mean the damage has been done. This stage is use to control the damage as much as possible. This is the short stage among the four stages. In 2005, a toddler died from ingesting a magnet from a Mattel toy that was manufactur ed in China. Since there is no laws governing this type of incident, Mattel had not considered the risk faced. The third stage is the chronic crisis. The chronic crisis is also mean clean up stage. This is a period of recovery, self-analysis, self-doubt and healing. In this process, the congressional investigations, audits and interviews occurred. The final stage is crisis resolution. This stage is the goal of crisis management. In this stage, it is about what is the best solution for the problem occurred. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stakeholder Analysis" essay for you Create order

Bridging The Gap The Innate Cultural Disconnect Between...

Bridging the Gap: The Innate Cultural Disconnect between Civilian and Military Life Over the last 14 years, the United States has undergone the longest era of war in its history, yet that era of conflict has had little to no personal impact on the lives of average Americans (Zucchino). For countless cultures and millennia, military forces have served as something of a microcosm of society, with the gulf between military and civilian cultures sometimes seeming completely unnavigable. In recent years, however, the void between American military life and civilian America has been expanding immensely. Where does that socio-cultural dissonance come from, and what does it mean for the future of American politics and military relations? What can be done to bridge the gap? Examining these truths, we can determine the deeply felt impacts of war, not just on those directly involved, but also in the relationship between civilians and the military. There is an increasing level of physical distancing between members of the military and civilians, which doubtless plays a significant position in the increased separation between military and civilian life. Military bases often boast their own shopping centers, movie theatres, restaurants, and sports facilities, meaning that there is little to no reason for a soldier to leave the base when stationed there. The military bases act like fortresses, entirely closed off from the outside world, becoming a substitute society that provides everyShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pages3 HR TRANSITIONS HR Management Contributes to Organizational Success More effective management of human resources (HR) increasingly is being seen as positively affecting performance in organizations, both large and small. A joint venture between General Electric and a Japanese company, GE Fanuc is a manufacturer of factory automation and control products. Headquartered in Virginia with 1,500 employees, the HR department primarily performed administrative support activities. But when Donald

Essay about Als Outline - 1145 Words

SPC2608 Section # September 18, 2011 Title: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Topic: The unknowns of ALS Specific Purpose: To inform my audience on being aware of ALS. Thesis Statement: INTRODUCTION Attention Material: Have you ever heard of ALS, better known as Lou Gehrig’s disease? For many people, ALS is a disorder that they may not know much about. I never heard of it either until my father was diagnosed with this disease in 2006. Because there is no known cure, it is important to detect this disease early, so that proper treatments and preparation can be done before it’s too late. Thesis Statement: ALS is a disease that is terminal, non-curable and can be hereditary or not.†¦show more content†¦In some people with ALS, the parts of the brain that allow us to think, remember, and learn also are affected by the disease (Labby). C. Strictly speaking, ALS involves degeneration and death of both upper and lower motor neurons. While most patients have clear loss of both types of motor neurons, some patients have greater loss of upper motor neurons, while other patients have greater loss of lower motor. These differences do not change the diagnosis. In these circumstances, the more general term ‘motor neuron disease’ is appropriate (MDA). D. According to the MDA (Muscular Dystrophy Association), the diagnosis of ALS is a clinical diagnosis, meaning there is no specific test for it. Often, tests will be administered to rule out illnesses with similar symptoms. These may include an MRI of the brain or spinal cord, an electromyography (EMG) study of nerve and muscle function, and a variety of blood and urine tests. (Transition: â€Å"Now that we know a little about what ALS is, let’s talk a little bit about who can get ALS†.) II. Who can be affected by ALS. A. Although this disease can strike anyone, it is extremely rare in kids. 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Government by the People for Politics & Relations - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGovernment by the Peoplefor Politics International Relations. Answer: Over 150 years ago, the government by the people term| came along as the then President Abraham Lincoln addressed an audience of over 15000 citizens. The term just meant that the primary government interest was to safeguard all the interests and demands of their citizens. This concept meant that citizens, elected government officials that would represent all their issues and guarantee their ultimate survival. Government by the people was founded under the principles of democracy where each citizen had a right, responsibility and their problems were the main agenda as they were the government because there would be no government without the citizens (Nun, 2009, p. 56). The concept of government being owned by the people revolves about handing the power to the subject individuals and citizens. Peoples power is significantly exercised through the electoral system where they elect their representatives to present them and their demands on all levels of administration. Social, political and economic issues affecting the citizens are taken by these representative leaders or agents and addressed at the policy making level. Democracy falls under two descriptions, namely direct and representative, where direct democracies are where people ideas, suggestions, complaints and demands are represented by non-elected individuals who all sit together to solve the issues at hand. The modern representative way is provided for in most of the world constitutions where citizens have elected intermediaries who represent them. Direct systems have faded as a result of new complexities of society both in populations and issues. Thus representatives are the only way. The representative formation is expected to carry out the demands of the people as they are elected by the electorates and given the power to make legislation, administration and political decision for the betterment of their societies (Bulley, Sokhi-Bulley, 2014). Peoples government is deeply explained for in the constitutions as it provides them with their rights and responsibilities. The powers and the responsibility of the government toward their citizens are clearly stipulated in the same document. Complex aspects of the laws simply explain how the majority have their rulings while minority rights are safeguarded by laws. People majority rule is visible during electoral processes such as referendums and political position elections. Numbers and percentage of the people voting particular direction will determine the results thus proving that the citizens have the power. Minority and vulnerable sections of the citizens are well protected by the constitution thus meaning that they are protected against discrimination on the basis of their statuses or condition (Petriwskyj, Cuthill, 2017). Law experts have extensively explained that the government by the people phenomena can only be accomplished through the above ways where the governments powers are significantly limited and reduced while the peoples rights and powers are promoted. Regardless of the land or country if the Constitution is based and followed on the principles of we the people and there is control of government powers, then the Abraham Lincoln ideology would prevail. Peoples freedom and government control is not limited to individual rights but also extend to legal groups and organizations that are protected by the constitution. While a government is making a decision, it is likely to consider this organizations as they are part of the people who elected them and are well protected for in the constitution. The main difference between peoples government and a totalitarian government is based on freedom and political understanding that people should be given the right to control their lives, as totalitarian culture promotes obedience and apathy (Qvortrup 2002, p. 67). Civilization was the mother of democracy; however, civilisation would not be accomplished if people are ignorant. Education is a fundamental principle of ensuring that people are taught about their rights and powers toward the government. Dictatorship seeks to develop acceptance attitudes and limit citizens questioning by suppressing information and education systems that would enlighten the masses. The government is the peoples servant; however, this will all be in vain if people are not empowered to ask questions to their leaders. In this 21st century, most of the governments in the world are based on democratic principles and foundations that hand over the power to those respective principles and its subject. Several questions have been asked whether this power to the people is just a saying or implemented ideology along all departments and levels of the government. When the foundations of these principles were formed, the complexities of our societies was not as it is today. Environmental regulations were not there because the population was not huge as it is, slavery was still legal, labour transgressions were not present, food and water security were a nonissue. However, this has changed due to the massive increase in populations while civilization has reached every corner of the globe. Economic concepts are beginning to be more dynamic and complicated thus raising of new laws that may conflict with fundamental values of people's government and freedom. These complexities were obviously not present during the days of the familiar Gettysburg Address. Social freedoms such as sexualities free will were not critical issues to be addressed then ,since the social culture had not evolved as now (Nu'uhiwa 2013, p. 78). Modern governments around the world have promised their citizens a government run by their wills and not of the few intrest and thoughts. United Kingdom citizens were given a chance to vote whether to remain or exit the European Union in a referendum. This act in itself shows that the government recognizes that their citizens are the primary and core stakeholders of their government. However, democracy and will of the people are contradicted when several reports and experts say that the citizens of this country were given contradictory and misleading information about the referendum repucurssions. The leaders have been given a role in educating and presenting all credible material facts to their citizens so as to inform them on decisions that they are about to make and their consequences. Such a case present a conflict because wrong or misleading information may have influenced the decision making of the voters thus limiting free will values. (Pretorius 2006, p. 78). Several countries in the world are practicing nuclear and war malpractices, but many would ask if these leaders are apparently representing the will of the people or theirs. Government overthrows and coups are happening at an alarming rate in Africa and Asia where leaders elected by the masses are ousted by military powers. These states rise under these foundations are usually questioned about their loyalties, whether it lies in their interest or to their citizens .The ideology of people's government is almost insignificant in some republics as there have been reported cases all over the world where leaders are voted out by people but refuse to hand over their offices. Economic crisis all over the world due to corrupt and exploiting leaders is becoming usual and rampant. People are forced to go on demonstrations to have their demands heard and dealt with as their systems of administrations are not working for their betterment. Chaos, protest, and complaints of ordinary citizens all over the world have raised many questions whether their governments still remember that their the utmost priority is their electorates. Epstein (2011) has argued that modern USA systems are not based on democracy and the will of United States citizens. He has stated that conflict of people's will and the government will have been relevant in the voting systems where referendum process are limiting people's power to control and check their states. Epstein has stated that contrary to the basic understanding of government run by citizens, now citizens are accorded individual rights and protection other than being treated as a group. He has argued that we the people term has been restrained of its power by the courts so as to promote the powers of the arms of government thus limiting peoples voice. Epstein is indicating that the modern governments are using strategic legal moves such as referendums so as to limit the power handed over to the people. Referendum creates a dilemma where voters rights are exercised, but for democracy to take place these rights has to be limited so as to limit the laws that reduce the power o f the people for the sake of the government. A perfect example of how judiciary as an arm of government limited peoples power was in 2008. California state constituents had overwhelmingly passed the vote to legalize gay couples, but judges there disagreed with the case because the state attorney general could not explain and defend the decision made by the California state citizens. This was a clear indication that the ideas and beliefs of Abraham Lincoln about people having the final say were at risk from the government administration system. Founders of democracy stressed out that people were to given power to dictate both their economic, social and political independence and freedom. The freedom in question would only be achieved if the people were given the right to vote and elect political leaders, who would present their ideas and issues by forming administration arms that would run affairs of the country (Tierney, 2015). The leaders were also given the legal power to formulate and amend laws governing the citizens, but this has proved inefficient as these leaders are occasionally seen passing legislation that explicitly undermines people will. The developed administration arms of the government posed a significant threat to will and the power of the people thus raising the need to form ways to control and check the powers of these arms to safeguard the majority interest. Democracies go deeper than giving citizens the right to vote leaders and referendums. There are unexplained entanglements in laws and freedoms that average ordinary citizens are not aware, this gives them a right to vote but limits their powers as they have been robbed of the right to understand and information about what they are voting for or against (Spicker, 2008). The percentage of Americans turning out for election is becoming less, as tight social-economic constraints force them to forego the political process for other personal activities, thus influencing electoral outcomes that will affect their lives. Technical reduction of peoples power has been seen through electoral and legal processes, where referendums are the perfect example where people rights are limited without their knowing. Truth and trust between the people and the government are most important components in the developed democracies. A lot of political leaders believe that common citizens cannot be trusted with serious issues and truths that affect them; hence putting peoples government at risk (White, 2008). It is essential for the citizens to understand that democratic processes such as referendum will not solve all the issues and may be the primary threat to democracy in itself. Abraham Lincoln regime is popular for giving power to the people rather than taking it away from them, and this would need to happen in modern systems for democracy to prevail. List of References Bulley, D, Sokhi-Bulley, B 2014, 'Big Society as Big Government: Cameron's Governmentality Agenda', British Journal Of Politics International Relations, 16, 3, pp. 452-470, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 May 2017. Epstein, RA 2011, 'Direct Democracy: Government Of The People, By The People, And For The People?', Harvard Journal Of Law Public Policy, 34, 4, pp. 819-826, Business Source Premier. Nun, J. (2000). Democracy: government of the people or government of the politicians? Lanham, Md, Rowman Littlefield. Nu'uhiwa, BS 2013, 'Government of the People, by the People, for the People: Cultural Sovereignty, Civil Rights, and Good Native Hawaiian Governance', Asian-Pacific Law Policy Journal, 14, 3, pp. 57-106, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 May 2017. Petriwskyj, Cuthill, M 2017, 'Barriers to older peoples participation in local governance: The impact of diversity', Educational Gerontology, 43, 5, pp. 259-275. Pretorius, L 2006, 'Government by or over the People? The African National Congress's Conception of Democracy', Social Identities, 12, 6, pp. 745-769, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 May 2017. Qvortrup, M 2002, A comparative study of referendums: government by the people. Manchester [u.a.], Manchester Univ. Press. Spicker, P 2008, 'Government for the people: the substantive elements of democracy', International Journal Of Social Welfare, 17, 3, pp. 251-259, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 18 May 2017 Tierney, S 2015, 'Direct Democracy: A Comparative Study of the Theory and Practice of Government by the People', Political Studies Review, 13, 3, pp. 408-409, Academic Search Premier. White. R 2008, Government for the people: reflections of a White House counsel to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Lanham, Md, Hamilton Books.

A Critique On The Gambia Tourism †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe about Policy Framework of Tourism in the Gambia? Answer: Introduction The Gambia is considered to be a small country with an approximate land area of 11,295 square kilometers and is located on the western coast of Africa. The population density of Gambia has been around 176.1 per square kilometers according to the Census 2013. The economy of the Gambia is uplifted by farming, fishing and tourism. Agriculture and farming practices are traditionally subsistence in nature and its reliance is more on the production of groundnuts. The Gambia tried to diversify with cotton, vegetables, and livestock but recently tourism has developed in the country with well equipped sector of tourism infrastructure. The estimated GDP for 2013 is $903.5 million and the countries ranks 172nd on the HDI ranking list. The dynamic sector in the economy is Tourism which is subject to instantaneous growth and generation of employment opportunities. The government of Gambia allocates budgetary resources to this sector and also encourages private investment by attracting private hot els and restaurants so that their resources can be used to improve the quality of the services as well as the usage of the tourism development area would be fully utilized. (Fund, 2009) Policy Framework Of Tourism In The Gambia The government of Gambia has centered tourism development as the priority sector and aims to achieve the objective of rendering world class tourist destination and a business hub. The Gambias tourism board is in charge of the tourism sector in Gambia and has the power to formulate, initiate and execute policies. The strategic framework of the governments national Tourism Master Plan in the view of long term development has the objective of enhancing and attracting international tourism from new as well as existing markets, formulating new tourism products and marketing strategies. The main of the tourism board of the Gambia is rendering world class service of high quality to the tourists and catering to the needs of all kinds of visitors. (Euromonitor.com, 2015) Tourism And The Economy Of The Gambia The total contribution to GDP in 2013 by the tourism Travel sector was 8106.1mn (21.8% of GDP) and is forecasted to increase by 3.9% p.a. to 12250.9 by 2024 (17.9% of GDP). (Travel Tourism Economic Impact 2014 Gambia, 2014) This reflects the economic activity caused by the industries such as hotels, travel agents, airlines and other passenger transportation services. The total contribution of travel and tourism department towards employment was 125500 jobs in 2013 (around 18.7% of total employment). It is forecasted to support 144000 jobs which is 15.4% of total employment by 2024. We can infer from the chart that in the year 2014, the number of jobs in the Gambia has declined but thereafter by 2024 the jobs will rise. Gambia was successfully attracted capital investment about 1112.9mn in 2013 and further by 2024 there will be a forecasted rise in capital investment by 11.5% p.a. which is 2646.4mn in 2024. It is also expected that travel and tourism department of Gambia would increase its contribution of total national investment from 11.5% in 2014 to 14.9% in 2024. The number of arrivals in the Gambia in terms of international tourism is depicted below: From the chart we can conclude that for the years 2010 and 2011 the number of visitors had declined but by 2012 international tourism in the Gambia took pace and increased the number of visitors. The international tourism in the Gambia attracts a lot of receipts in terms of export earnings. The percentage of total earnings is depicted by consistent levels over the years. The government of the Gambia attracts a lot of investors by offering them with unique and improved opportunities of investment which are financially and economically sound and stable. With the help of The Gambia Investment Export Promotion Agency (GIEPA), the government of the Gambia has successfully established trade and investment environment that caters to the need of the investors, the country vision 2020. The infrastructural facilities in the Gambia have improved by installing better connectivity in terms of railways, roads and airports. (All data source: Data.worldbank.org, 2015) Tourism planning policy: The policy of the government on the tourism in the Gambia is to promote tourism and identify its contribution to the countrys economic growth. The objective is to increase the involvement and contribution of tourism to the economy and thereby raise the living standards of the citizens of the Gambia. The Responsible Tourism Policy(Accessgambia.com, 2015) had been prepared by the Responsible Tourism partnership in order to combat the negative impacts. With combined effort of the Gambian government and the environmental agencies the planning policy: Ensure recognition of the natural environment as a vital resource for the livelihoods of communities and also consider it to be the major tourism asset. Identify the areas which have not seen the light of development. Identify disputes regarding land ownership and resource use and take a step to mitigate them. The Gambian government takes tourism seriously and ensures that it has minimal impact on the environment. The Tourism Board of Gambia and its policies will: (Euromonitor.com, 2015) Encourage the usage of environmental assessment tools to reduce and prevent the adverse effect on environment. Create awareness among the stakeholders of adopting sustainability and ensure the waste management go through the process of reduce, recycle and reuse. Provide proper education regarding natural environment and tourism. Establish a code of conduct and a code of practice for environment. Discover ways of using legislation, incentives, tax concessions and technical assistance so that the tourism in the Gambia has least negative environmental impact. Encourage enterprises to invest their profit percentage or turnover to maintain natural diversity by species conservation and habitat restoration and management, also to restore heritage attractions. Increase the tourist arrivals. Increase revenue from tourism Establish linkages between tourism and other sector like horticulture, fisheries and agriculture. Case Study: (Williams and Williams Associates, 2004) The Gambia is a popular winter sun destination but the citizens are not benefitting from the tourism. The government of the Gambia initiated the marketing of the Gambia to packaged tour operators with the view of attracting more foreign exchange earnings and increase in the foreign direct investment. But the main proportion of the revenues earned remained in the countries of origin which left debt and poverty for the country. The situation got worse when the British Foreign Office directed the British citizens not to travel or visit the Gambia after the violent coup attempt in the year 1994. The management personnel of many hotels brought this situation to limelight internationally by forming the Gambian Tourism Concern (GTC). The work of the GTC was to develop linkages with a Gambian organization and Britain and encourage them to promote fair trade in tourism and eradicate poverty. A workshop with the British High Commission concluded that small organizations required to operate and work together in order to improve their capacity if earning. This led to the formation of the Association of Small Scale Enterprise in Tourism (ASSET) which developed further linkages between the small scale enterprises and mainstream tourism in order to multiply the effects. Apart from this the UK Department for International Development took initiatives by providing fund through Tourism Challenge Fund (TCF) and organized a 20 month project to boost the linkage between the informal and the formal sector in the Gambia. It also aimed as recognizing the barriers that were required to overcome to raise the revenues and ensure the success of the informal sector. (Statehouse.gm, 2015) The objective of the industry was to develop a collaborative work environment where partnerships between the government, the private sector and the informal sector would flourish. There are several stances of increased earnings by the fruit sellers, juice pressers, licensed guides and craft markets. For instance, the fruit sellers do not hover around the beach with their fruit basket and pester the tourists. The fruit sellers had developed connections with each other, tourists and the hotel owners through a code of conduct. The fruit sellers now work collectively in the form of a society and also contribute a small amount to a communal fund. This fund along with the funding from the TCF enabled 26 women to acquire stall with a image of high quality for the purpose of selling their fruits. The Code of Conduct applies to all the players of the tourism field. Suppose that the licensed guides violate this code of conduct then as they can be suspended or uniforms be taken away or licenses may be canceled as a consequence. (Propoortourism.info, 2015) Policies and strategies: National Tourism Strategy and Planning- The Gambia Tourism Authority (GTA) developed this National Tourism Strategy and Planning to encourage the private sector to come forward and develop products of tourism. But with the large debts over the four decades and the high interest rate and the lending rates were discouraging the private investors to invest. The strategy taken by the GTA was pro-poor and responsible tourism centered. The poverty strategies include: Determining classifications standards for hotels. Increasing revenues to develop infrastructure and environmental development. Expanding offices in marketing places Establishing connection with the tour operators, airlines and other organizations outside the country. The GTA had developed organization wide policies and procedures which is committed to develop training programmes to enhance skill, delivering incentive schemes to encourage quality performance and innovative ideas to enhance behavior and executing systems to observe and control the performance of the industry. (Mitchell and Faal, 2007) To attract foreign investors to promote tourism the government of Gambia exempted international investors from customs duties imposed on approved capital equipment, machines, appliances, fixtures and fittings, custom duties imposed on approved amounts of semi finished goods, raw materials and other supplies for the production process, withhold tax on dividends, sales tax, turnover tax etc. To encourage the tourism traffic during May to October (low season of tourism), the government of the Gambia offers the tour operator, airlines, hotels, and ground operators 25% discounts on aircraft handling charges and aircraft landing and parking fees for all charter flights of the tourists and 50% discount on sales tax for hotels and ground operators. The goals of the policy is to increase the employment opportunities and developing competitiveness and help the government to provide proper condition for development actions and to coordinate between the government and private tourism entrepreneurs overseas. (Npc.gov.gm, 2015) Evaluation of the policies and strategies: The main aim of the policies and strategies was to promote tourism in the Gambia. But certain aspects that are overlooked may make these policies less effective. (Dabour, 2003) When on one hand there is a classification standard for hotels, on the other hand the hotels are concentrated away from the coastal enclave. The government has exercised development control, land ownership and marketing powers but there poor use resulted in a constraint to diversification of the hotels. The policy also stated improving infrastructure but the potential source of the fund for infrastructure had eroded because fees paid by the developers for the land of tourism had not raised the creation of the Tourism Development Area. To attract tourists during the low season the government had offered incentive schemes to the hotels and the tourist but the policy can be implemented correctly if better marketing strategies are adopted and the diversify the tourism product. Apart from this improvement in the Human Resource development needs an urgent policy which will led to the formation of some hotel and hospitality management schools. This will enhance the training skill and provid e education to tourism entrepreneurs. (Bah, 2003) Issues: The Gambia had a record of child trafficking cases for sexual purpose as well as female sex tourism is high in this area. The government had adopted too policies address violence against children by updating the National Plan of Action on Child Sexual Abuse and Exploitation (CSEC), established children helpline, established Community Child Protection Committee and many other initiatives. (Vaidya and Nigam, n.d.) Recently, the disease Ebola(Topping, 2014) took a toll on the tourism of the Gambia which accounts for a decrease in the revenues accrued from this sector. The local Gambian hotel owner were worried on the fact that hotel were just 47% full as against 67% in the previous year. The government had taken possible effective measure by Ebola screening, social media campaigns and 24- hour toll free helpline. And finally Gambia was declared Ebola free by the WHO. (Bah, 2015) Recommendations The focus of the developmental strategies of the tourism in the Gambia must be on sustainable development and management of tourism, provide tourism oriented education and programmes that covers different aspect of tourism, improving infrastructure related to tourism like better quality and efficiency of hotels, amenities it provides, roads, transportation and communications, strengthen the public-private cooperation, attract international investors, diversify the product of tourism, enhance the banking and financial services and many other. This means that there is a tremendous scope for improvement of the tourism in the Gambia. Conclusion The tourism policy in the Gambia is capacious but diverges from its originality when it comes to the implementation of these policies. But there are several barriers to the success of the tourism in the Gambia which have been discussed in the report. The case study discussed reveals that the policy taken by the government of the Gambia is effective in some cases but the aspect that tourism needs to focus is on the marketing skills, infrastructural development and the sufficient investment in the tourism. The Gambia has the potential to enhance Heritage tourism which will contribute to the economy of the Gambia. To attract enormous amounts of tourist effective tourism marketing plans must be implemented. (Sharpley, 2009) References Accessgambia.com, (2015).Gambia Responsible Tourism Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.accessgambia.com/information/responsible-travel-policy.html [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Bah, A. (2003).Problems benefits of tourism in the Gambia. [Gambia?]: Kerr Munyagen Consultancy. Bah, A. (2015).Challenges of Tourism for Local Communities The Gambian Experience. 1st ed. [ebook] Gambia Tourism Concern. Available at: https://www.iz3w.org/fernweh/deutsch/aktivitaeten/Bah.pdf [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Dabour, N. (2003).Probelms and Prospects of Sustainable tourism development in OIC countries: Ecotourism. 1st ed. [ebook] Journal of Economic Cooperation. Available at: https://www.sesrtcic.org/files/article/127.pdf [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Data.worldbank.org, (2015).Gambia, The | Data. [online] Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/country/gambia [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Euromonitor.com, (2015).Travel and Tourism in Gambia. [online] Available at: https://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-gambia/report [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Fund, I. (2009).The Gambia. Washington: International Monetary Fund. Mitchell, J. and Faal, J. (2007). Holiday package tourism and the poor in the Gambia.Development Southern Africa, 24(3), pp.445-464. Npc.gov.gm, (2015).Tourism | National Planning Commission Website The Gambia. [online] Available at: https://npc.gov.gm/sectors/tourism [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Propoortourism.info, (2015).Pro Poor Tourism - Tourism increasing benefits for poor people. [online] Available at: https://www.propoortourism.info/CaseStudies.html [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Sharpley, R. (2009). Tourism and development challenges in the least developed countries: the case of The Gambia.Current Issues in Tourism, 12(4), pp.337-358. Statehouse.gm, (2015).Tourism in the Gambia. [online] Available at: https://www.statehouse.gm/tourism1.htm [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Topping, A. (2014). Ebola takes toll on the Gambia from beyond its borders.The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/17/ebola-gambia-africa-tourism [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Travel Tourism Economic Impact 2014 Gambia. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] The World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC). Available at: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/country%20reports/gambia2014.pdf [Accessed 2 Mar. 2015]. Vaidya, N. and Nigam, N. (n.d.). Sex Trafficking as a Human Rights Issue.SSRN Journal. Williams, M. and Williams Associates, H. (2004).Best Practice Case Studies In Tourism. 1st ed.