Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Systems Theory The Impact...

The birth of a new child usually brings jubilation to the parents. After all of the initial celebrations have ended, and the parents bring the infant home, this is when the child’s development begins. Even before the celebrations begin, the child’s development begins at the fetal stage (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). Bronfenbrenner’s Systems theory describes how external environments and individuals affect the development of a child (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). The relationships are interconnected among all individuals and their environments (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). These environments are referred to as spheres. Bronfenbrenner classified the spheres; starting from the outside as the macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and†¦show more content†¦Same sex marriage has become a norm in Canada in recent years. This alternative definition of marriage used to be considered taboo to even mention it publicly in most western societies. With these new laws, the topic of same sex marriage will also be taught in school to new students just like how the Charter of Rights was taught to me in school. Exosystem Within the exosystem are the institutions that make up the socioeconomic system (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). These are the elements of the bigger macrosystem. According to Swick and Williams (2006), â€Å"we all live in systems psychologically and not physically; these are exosystems† (p. 372). These would include daycares, social service agencies and health care services (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). As a member of a low income family, there was a need to access social services agencies in order to meet the needs of being fed and paying the bills. Along with the visit to the social service agency, the social worker would also connect the family with a food bank. Even though the child does not directly need the service, the parent will use these services for the benefit of the child, (indirectly usage). (Swick Williams, 2006). Another example of an exosystem is the mass media, such as newspapers, radio and social media. The communication industry impacts everyone at any age whether or not you are a child or an adult. This service allows any person to keep up to date with current events. IShow MoreRelatedBronfenbrenner s Theory Of Human Development1673 Words   |  7 PagesBronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Background The study and research of human development has always been intriguing and intensive. There are five perspectives commonly discussed: psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological. Those who follow the contextual perspective believe that development can be understood only in its social context. Also, they observe the individual as an inseparable component of the environment. Psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner is responsibleRead MoreChild Development Theories1560 Words   |  7 PagesChild Development: An Examination of Three Theories There are a lot of theories regarding child development. Three of these theories are Bioecological Theory, Social-Cognitive Theory and Information-Processing Theory. This paper will discuss these theories by comparing and contrasting them. The first theory is the Bioecological Theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. This theory is based on the nature vs. nurture idea. Bronfenbrenner believed development of a child was determinedRead MoreThe Influence and Impact on the Bio Ecological Model System2292 Words   |  10 PagesInfluences and Impact on the Bioecological Model Systems SOC 312: Child, Family amp; Society Instructor: Lynsey Ulibarri September 17, 2012 The Influences and Impact of the Bioecological Model Systems In today society children develop is a very important process that each parents, caregiver and individual should know. Mainly we can conclude that every child do not develop the same and actually cannot be treated the same when they go through their stages of development. One theory that helps usRead MoreBronfenbrenner s Ecological Systems Theory And Its Impact On Early Childhood Development869 Words   |  4 Pagesoverview of Bronfenbrenner s ecological systems theory and its impact on early childhood development. The researcher will review key literature to present a background of the ecological approach. Furthermore, the researcher will discuss how to implement the ecological approach to develop a quality learning environment for early childhood education (i.e., for children 0-8 years). A summary will conclude the essay. Ecological Systems Theory Background Bronfenbrenner s ecological systems theory describesRead MoreEcological Systems Theory : Urie Bronfenbrenner1378 Words   |  6 Pages Ecological Systems Theory – Urie Bronfenbrenner Urie Bronfenbrenner was an American developmental psychologist who most is known for his Ecological Systems Theory of child development. Scientific work and his assistance to the United States government helped in the formation the Head Start program in 1965. Bronfenbrenner’s research and his theory was key in changing the perspective in developmental psychology by calling attention to the large number of environmental and societal influencesRead MoreBronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesECOLOGICAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development Jermor Simmons Capella University #8195; Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Abstract 3 Method 4 Results 4 References 5 #8195; Abstract The development and growth of an individual is within the constraints of the social environment (Jordan 183). Bronfenbrenners theory that development is influenced by experiences arising from broader social and cultural systems as well as a childs immediateRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1096 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion of how development can be conceptualized. One approach is to divide development into different stages. For example Freud (..) and Piaget (2003, 2000, 1985) described development as a qualitatively distinct series of stages. But there has been criticism about stage-based approaches in terms of how it is able to take on account the individual differences between children in development. The focus of this essay is on Piaget’s theory because it is one of the most influential theories. FurthermoreRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesabout human development, we are referring to the growth of humans in all aspects throughout their life. In this essay, I will be discussing two types of human development. Cognitive development, which is to do with the ability to think, remember and reason, and Social development, which involves relationships and interactions in the world around the individual. I will focus on how they relate to two significant experiences in my life and how these experiences were critical to my development as a learnerRead MoreSibling Relationships Within The United States2226 Words   |  9 Pagesdevelopmental research such that they are the longest enduring relationship a person may have over the life course (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, Collins, 2005). Siblings influence development in a variety of ways by providing teaching and caregiving opportunities that result in greater cognitive, language, and psychosocial development in both older and younger siblings (Jenkins, 1989). Specifically, sibling relationships that depict a balance of nurturance and conflict have been found to provide childrenRead MoreBronfenbrenner s Ecological Systems Theory1761 Words   |  8 PagesBronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and how it applies to the plight of children in the European migrant crisis In order to understand how Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory of human development applies to children of the European migrant crisis, it may be useful to start by explaining what the ecological systems theory is. This theory was published in 1979 and was developed by developmental psychologist, Urie Bronfenbrenner. It is an evolving theoretical system developed for the use

Teen Pregnancy and Sex Education Essay - 1794 Words

Adolescent pregnancy is a crisis that inadvertently affects all. It is not only a burden to the young woman and her family, but it also has a consequential impact on society. Reducing the number of adolescent pregnancies would promote child well-being and decrease child poverty statistics (â€Å"National Data†). Increasing the number of comprehensive sex education courses would help young people learn how to better protect themselves against premature pregnancy and STDs, and in turn curtail the number of teenage pregnancies. The Facts Among industrialized countries, the United States has the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy. The rate of teen pregnancy in the U.S. is twice that of Great Britain and four times that of Germany and France.†¦show more content†¦No one story is alike. Each offers a different look into a variety of challenges teen moms will face including, finances, high school graduation, and adoption (or whether to raise the child). Faced with adversity these girls are forced to sacrifice their adolescence and forfeit high school memories. However ,there is optimism among them: they are determined to make their lives work and will sacrifice it all to provide for their babies. Sex Education History In the past, sex education has been scrutinized on many occasions. Even today, its curriculum still remains under constant revision. Enacting a more comprehensive sex education curriculum within schools could reduce the number of adolescent pregnancies. David Landry points out, only abstinence based curriculum programs receive funding under current federal legislation (261-262). In order to comply with federal legislation and receive funding, some states are revising their current sex education curriculum to reflect abstinence exclusively. In these abstinence-only programs, teachers place an emphasis on educating adolescents about the benefits of ‘delaying sex until marriage’ (Anderson and Amy Sullivan). The primary practice each form of education shares is prevention, educating the young in hopes of lowering teen pregnancy in generations to come. In 2000, an article published by the Guttmacher Institute compared surveys of 1988 and 1999 sex educat ion topics.Show MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy And Sex Education Programs900 Words   |  4 Pages1. Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Teen Pregnancy.† CQ Researcher 20. 12 (2010): 267-287. Web. This particular source is an academic journal which goes into immense detail about the high rates of teen pregnancy and sex education programs the United States government provides. The article is informative and supportive of the sex education programs and explains the success rates of these programs in reducing teen pregnancy. Author Marica Clemmitt, former editor for other scholarly articles involving Medicine andRead MoreThe Importance of Comprehensive Sex Education to Decrease Teen Pregnancies894 Words   |  4 Pagesare facing lots of problems. New problems are rising such as an increased pregnancy rate among teenagers. Our teenage girls are less developed and unprepared for the problems which come along with their decision to have sex. It is also too early for teenage girls to become pregnant. Many teens think having a baby is some sort of joke. They believe it will never happen to them but the reality is that every time teens have sex, there is a possibility that the sperm will find its way to the egg if theyRead MoreEvaluation Of Sex Education School On Teen Pregnancy Prevention3109 Words   |  13 Pages Research Proposal Evaluation of Sex Education in School on Teen Pregnancy Prevention Megan R. Fitzgerald PSY 290 – Research Methods Gayle Schwark, Ph.D. Arizona State University November 27, 2014 Abstract This study is proposed in order to evaluate the various types of school-based sex education programs and the effect that these specific programs have on teen pregnancy rates. The type of approaches for school-based sex education programs offered to the teenage participants will beRead MoreHigh Teen Pregnancy Rate: Comprehensive Sex Education at Fault?1377 Words   |  6 Pageswho become pregnant each year in the United States. According to The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 34% percent of young women become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20. Eight in ten of these teen pregnancies are unintended and 79% are to unmarried teens. There are many preliminary causes for such a high In Kizzy’s case, the blame is put on the lack of sexual education within her school. She claims that because she did not received adequate information on this subjectRead MoreComprehensive Preparation For A Complete Life1068 Words   |  5 Pagesfor a Complete Life Teen pregnancy has been a serious social issue for quite a while. Often, a teen pregnancy is detrimental for both the teen and the child involved. Both a teen mother and her child are more susceptible to complications during the pregnancy and birth than and adult mother and her child. Unfortunately, a teen mother and her infant are also less likely to pursue and receive healthcare to alleviate these health risks (Teen Pregnancy). Moreover, â€Å"teen pregnancy is often cited as a factorRead MoreEssay on Teenage Pregnancy and Prevention1320 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough teen pregnancy has declined in the past, the United States is still number one out of all industrialized countries of teen pregnancies. Therefore, implementing an in depth sex education class covering parenting in schools will allow teens to fully understand he consequences of having protected or unprotected sex. All children deserve love and care from their parents. The United States has a higher rate of teen pregnancy than other countries because one is not open to talk about sex with aRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Should Be Pregnant Before The Age Of Twenty1504 Words   |  7 Pageshighest teen birth rate in the world, every year the United States experiences 610,000 teen pregnancies (Bleakly 2006). The figures show that three in ten adolescent girls will become pregnant before the age of twenty. People ages 15-24 represent 25 eighteen 70 percent of United States females, and 62 percent of males have had sex. About 3.2 million adolescent females are infected with the most common STI’s, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea (Bleakly 2006). The likelihood of teens having sex increasesRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates By Jacqueline Sedgwick s Article, American Adolescents And Emergency Contraceptive Pill Access843 Words   |  4 Pagesin America’s society today is teen pregnancy rates. In fact, â€Å"teen sexual activity, pregnancy, and childb earing are associated with substantial social, economic, and health costs† (Sedgwick). However, this problem is not one without a solution. The rise of teen pregnancy rates can be prevented and reversed by providing better access to birth control for teens, eliminating the negative connotation that accompanies abstinence, and implementing more efficient sex education in public schools. One solutionRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Pregnancy The fearless of all parents who have teenagers is pregnancy. Nowadays, teen pregnancy is a serious problem. Teenage have a lack of skills to handle a pregnancy. So that impact strongly on the future of a young woman. Teen pregnancy is associated with negative consequences for adolescents for three reasons: lack of education, medical complication, uncertainty about the future, and financial difficulties. First, the main causes of teenage pregnancy are the lack of education on safeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : Protecting Our Youth Through Abstinence1316 Words   |  6 PagesRebecca Powell English IV 30 October 2015 Teen Pregnancy: Protecting Our Youth Through Abstinence What is Teen Pregnancy? It is the pregnancy of adolescent girls from the ages of 13-20. Teen Pregnancy is one of the most trending things happening in today’s society. Statistics shows that 1,000,000 girls become pregnant every year (Garth). Being that the United States is in the highest percentage of teen pregnancy. 40% will have government assistance (Garth). The teen birth rate from 1990-1995 per 1,000

Leadership Involve Combination Of Direct †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Leadership Skills Involve Combination Of Direct? Answer: Introduction: I have eventually come across many bosses while doing part time jobs for years as a student. However, I have selected to discuss about my present boss Dr. David Lew, a chiropractor in Chiropractic Health and Wellness Clinic. Effective leadership is often the leadership that considers the needs of the individuals and implements small changes that bring a huge difference so that the quality and productivity of work can be improved (Fowler 2011). According to me, my boss pursues an empathetic behaviour for his subordinates and implements required changes as well. My boss has demonstrated his good leadership skills for his subordinates and that is what has stuck me because I have faced many unpleasant bosses and that is why I consider him an effective leader. The journey of success in his work is because of his patients who have much faith in him that they will get full recovery under his treatment. This essay aims to discuss and identify the leadership style of my boss and utilize the same to enhance my leadership skills. Observation: Having worked with Dr. Liew for the past two years it is very easier for me to interact with him. In the next part of this essay, I will be discussing about my observation about Dr. Liews leadership skill, behavioral aspects. Leadership: Dr. Liews leadership skills involve combination of direct, supporting and participatory behaviour. Direct as he guides his subordinates about the task and makes them match the standard. He is supportive because he reaches out to his subordinates and remains concerned about them. He has participatory behaviour because he trusts his employees and believes that every individual has the ability to take proper decisions for them. According to the Ohio state university studies, he is marked in the consideration category because he displays his concern towards his employees and has a friendly behaviour for them. He is the person who takes care of his employees and consults them in the decision making process regarding any improvements of the business. Behaviour: In my opinion, Dr. Liew pursues both relationship and task oriented approach but his relationship approach is more highlighted. His task oriented approach deals with allotting tasks to me as well as other employees along with a discussion on how it needs to be done. He mainly pursues interpersonal leadership skill but has no negligence towards the actual tasks as well. Few personality traits make an effective leader and for describing my boss, I would like to use the words like self-confident, enthusiastic, trustworthy, assertive and warm natured person. He has a confident approach towards his capabilities as a chiropractor and in managing his subordinates; this makes us spread the positive vibe of his abilities in the doubtful patients. His self-confident nature warms up to be confident while delivering answer to every query regarding treatments. He is enthusiastic towards his work and always enjoys whatever he does. He trusts us that we will carry our duties and work properly and will ensure honesty so that it leads to good culture within the workplace. He always hears the concern of the employees and he implies the fact that he is happy to have our participation in the company. He explains his assertiveness in a formal way when he has different opinions about any issue and this is an uncommon trait as there are few persons who care about others peoples demands. His task related approach describes that he is passionate about his work. When I enquired him about his level of comfort in longs hours of work he revealed his pride about his work and said that it makes him happy to make patients feel better. This point of his behaviour influenced me to enjoy my work even I am having long hours. He has flexible approach towards every change and towards situations as well. I learned about this flexibility when he allowed me to take offs for my exams even if he had the trouble to arrange my replacement. He does not even show his unhappiness when anyone of his employees are unable to visit office and he tries to make up the situation by finding any worthy solution instead of being aggressive about the change. Pursuing graduation, I wanted to work for full time, Dr. Liew advised me about my life, and he made me face the truth that in spite of working hard we will often face problem that would lead us to, not reach our goals. At the same time, he revealed that in spite of wanting to be a heart doctor, changes in law blocked his roads and he had to focus of chiropractic studies. Unable to fulfil his dream he adapted to the change and established himself. In his opinion, people needs to pick them up after they fall down and look forward to what fate has for them. Power and influence: Power is the capability to do things in a desired manner (Salancik and Pfeffer 1977). By observing Dr Liew, I realized that he uses two types of each positive position power and personal power for getting work done. Being the boss of the company, he already has legitimate power and this makes his subordinates follow his decisions. However, he timely praises the employees for their good work and this is what keeps us motivated and energetic towards our work. He does not possess authority on us and does not pursue coercive power. The stems of his power are expanded from being a chiropractor to being a boss. We follow his knowledge and abilities and admire his struggle that he went through in his life to achieve this stage. Influence is often defined as a change of behaviour, which holds an individual among others (Lucas and Baxter 2011). Dr Liew has much influenced his employees with his power whereby he is liked and able to gather respect, interest and esteem from others. His personality does not make him go and talk down to people because of his authority, and he does not expect people to work over tasks. He uses rational thought to tell us how something is to be done, and this makes us accept his influence due to his logics for any specific matter. He is never aggressive even if he has the authority to do so. He thinks that being a part of his company, we are helping him out and that is why he helps us too in our personal or professional matters and guides us to the right way. He always guides me with many life decisions and reminds me that there are very few things in life, that goes according to our wish and that is why we need to adapt changes and accept what fate has for us. Doing this will make our life easier and we will able to accept everything in a calm manner. His leadership guides us to enjoy our work even if we get long shifts because he taught us that we must learn to love what we are doing rather than giving up our interest and doing the work just for the sake that it has to be done. I have learnt many things from him, which will help me, enhance my leadership skill and be a good leader as well as an individual in my life. His thoughts help me to trust others and be supportive towards others problems. Interview: The following part is the discussion of the interview of Dr. Liew who made me glad by giving the opportunity to interview him about his leadership skills. I asked him for the interview in order to increase my knowledge about leadership skills. Leadership style: Dr. Liew described himself to be a leader who has flexibility, which means he has very few demands expect the quality work from his employees. He described that he has flexible approach towards every change in the organisation and towards every burning situations as well if he sees that it can be handled. According to him, we must stay calm on a matter that can be managed because managing something is more important that behaving in an aggressive manner for the reason it happened. He never believes in autocratic leadership and he said that he had allowed me to take offs for my exams even if he had the trouble to arrange my replacement because of his flexible nature. He again depicts the fact that he does not even show his unhappiness when not anyone of his employees visits office for any certain reason and at the moment he tries to make up the situation by finding any alternate solution instead of being aggressive about the off. This is because the absence can be taken to considerati on later but work will not stop due to someones absence. He believes that involvement of the employees in the decision making process of the company, they will be more motivated to work and give their best for the company. I have got the evidence for this because there are many times when he allots us some work but do not guide us about the ways it needs to be done as he trusts that we will not do the thing wrong for proving him that his trust is at the right place. This often helps him take our test about how we can manage work all by us without depending on him every time. This process helps us to gain confidence about our work and we get adapted to some work that we did not have faith that we would have been able to do any time. However, he pursues different thought for the employees who are not able to match the standards because he thinks that those employees need good guidance and support rather than space, which is thought to be helpful for doing things on their own. He prefers leadership as a manner that can be led by someone else Deckop, Cirka, Andersson 2003). He thinks that all his employees are his family and he shows helpful and friendly behaviour and trust towards them. He believes that by practising proper interpersonal relationship he will be able to influence the commitment of the employees towards their work and let them do their work with interest and not for any command of their leader. He thinks that in his company people will work with interest and not only because they will have to do it. He disclosed the fact that he does not want his employees to get tired of their work by thinking that every day they are following instructions and working, instead of them he wants his employees to get involved in the decision making process and helping him in management work of the company. The path-goal theory of leadership states that the behaviour of the leader should motivate the employees and the leader must compliment and supplement the good and bad things of the work place (Jermier 1996). Dr. Liew said that he is sure about the aim that doing one task reaches and having the involvement of the employees and helping them out with good behaviour will make the result of the work more worthy. The employees will acknowledge the good behaviour of the leader and try to help them out as well in order to prove that he has not made a bad choice by trusting them. He seemed to have agreed with my statement of practising relationship oriented leadership when he said that he wants to be a guide for the employees but at the same time he disagreed about the fact by describing that an organisation cannot move towards its goals unless there are some task allotted and expectations fulfilled by the employees. He unlike me believes that there is no way that the employees will respect him for being a leader if he always focuses on enhancing the employer-employee relationship and misuse his power and behaviour by not working at all. Power and influence: Dr. Liew has seen many ups and downs in his life and that is why life has made him understanding and provided him with the ability with which he can fit in any condition he wants to fit himself in. He believes that using a referent power will help his employees be influenced. He explains the fact how he started working and how he struggled long hours at the medical hall which his father had while he was much younger. Struggling in that situation had made him understand what right attitude for work means and how others will appreciate this hard struggle one day. He knows how we as an employee feel when we have to struggle with long hours of work as he has gone through the same stage in his early life. That is the reason he remains concerned about our work and understands our situation as well. He guides us a parent guides them, which makes it clear that he did not get the same support from his parents at his young age. He is able to set himself as a good influence for many employees and they all have accepted the fact that he is very dedicated towards his work. We as his employees understand his concern regarding work, as he understands our concern and try to help him out with our hard efforts. Factors influencing him to be a good leader: Dr. Liew in the interview mentioned that there is no chosen method, which leads to the way of being a good leader. According to him, adapting in every situation is more important and more important than adaptation is the chosen action that we pursue in our work life. He claimed that effective leadership may change timely but his words relates to situational leadership. He described that to be a good leader a person first need to consider the fact of learning to listen to others and understand them. This is because may be from the person whom we have been asking for work can be facing a lot of challenges in his life and that is why it is better to listen and understand others problem rather than just behaving harsh towards them. A good leader always has the ability to understand the unspoken words of others and relate to their problem as well (Bonnci Cooper 2011). Reflection and improving areas: After making an effective interview with Dr Liew, I came to know that he is having the capability of being charismatic leader. He is successful enough in influencing us positively from his personal life experience. A charismatic relationship occurs at that particular time when followers intend to trust on the positive attributes of a leader (Geberta, Heinitzb, Buengelerc 2016). As per my personal opinion an efficient leader should be concerned on fairly work within the workplace. After making an effective interaction with this personality I got to know that a good leader should be possessed with numerous components. A good leader should have a proper personality who is able to motivate us for succeeding towards the meeting the target. I came to realize that good leader should have the quality of supporting the performance level of employees by implementing motivational theories, strategies and policies. I was enjoying my workplace after being acquainted with this good leader. I was v ery happy in delivering effective services for my organization due to the presence of a good leader. As a leader Dr Liew never intends to impose his own decision on the employees. I was not confident at all in handling the entire process of business if Dr Liew did not stretch his hand towards me and trust on my efficiency (Bonnici Cooper 2011). The primary responsibility of a good leader should be dealing with every negative situation positively. I should never surrender my skill in front of situation. I have learnt from Dr Liew that any kind of difficulties should be dealt with proper skill and competency. Hardships and constraints are the part of business process. I as a professional should deal every single situation effectively. It is undeniable that I am highly influenced at the leadership skill and policy that Dr Liew uses at the workplace. I have come to know different form of leadership styles and models that can be used at my workplace. The situational leadership model indi cates that the structure of the leadership style should be changed according to the task orientation and followers maturity (VecchioGuion 1987). Emotional intelligence differs from one person to another. In this kind of situation, the professionals should use the leadership style as per the temperament level of an individual employee. After conducting the interview of Dr Liew I came to know how to deal with immature professionals at the workplace by maintaining their performance level for achieving the success of business. In order to deal with an immature personality leader should decrease the level of work pressure by maintaining relationship behavior. However, it can be stated that implementation of model or theory cannot render the success of business. The leaders should use the model in the practical field so that a person can realize the pros and cons (Hersey, Blanchard and Natemeyer 1979). Conclusion: As already stated, leadership skill can be learnt theoretically. However, it is undeniable that a leader would not be able to become efficient unless the individual is facing the practical situation and gaining experience from the workplace (Kohler 2016). A good leader should have a proper personality who is able to motivate us for succeeding towards the meeting the target. I came to realize that good leader should have the quality of supporting the performance level of employees by implementing motivational theories, strategies and policies. Effective leadership signifies the mutual understanding between managers and subordinates. I personally feel that we should make a constant observation on the people around us for making them professional for becoming a good leader. References: Bonnici, CA Cooper BS 2011, Creating a Successful Leadership Style Principles of Personal Strategic Planning, Proquest. Deckop, JR, Cirka, CC Andersson, LM 2003, Doing Unto Others: The Reciprocity of Helping Behavior in Organizations, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 101-113, viewed 10 March 2017, SpringerLink Database. Fowler J 2011, Effective Leadership, Nursing Management, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 38, viewed 13 March 2017, Proquest Database. Geberta, D, Heinitzb, K Buengelerc, C 2016, Leaders' charismatic leadership and followers' commitment The moderating dynamics of value erosion at the societal level, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 98108, viewed 13 March 2017, Elsevier Database. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hayton, J. (2015). Leadership and Management Skills in SMEs. Warwick Business School. Hersey, P, Blanchard, K Natemeyer, W 1979 Situational Leadership, Perception, and the Impact of Power, Group Organization Studies, vol. 4, no. 4, pp.418, viewed 12 March 2017, Proquest Database. Jermier, JM 1996, The path-goal theory of leadership: A subtextual analysis, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.311-316, viewed 13 March 2017, Elsevier Database. Kohler, R 2016, Optimization of leadership style : new approaches to effective multicultural leadership in international teams, SpringerLink. Lucas, JW Baxter, AR 2011, Power, Influence, and Diversity in Organizations, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 638, pp. 49, viewed 11 March 2017, Sage Journal Database. Nahavandi, A. (2016). The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. R?ducan, R., R?ducan, R. (2014). Leadership and management. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 149, 808-812. Salancik, GR Pfeffer, J 1977, Who gets power and how they hold on to it: A strategic-contingency model of power, Organizational Dynamics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 3-21, viewed 15 March 2017, Elsevier Database. Vecchio, RpGuion, R 1987 Situational Leadership Theory: An Examination of a Prescriptive Theory, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp.444-451, viewed 13 March 2017, EBSCOhost Database.

Synopsis Computer and Online Hotel Management Essay Example

Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management Essay University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Department of Computer Science Synopsis for M. Sc. Degree in Computer Sciences Title: Online Hotel Management System for The Pizza Shop, D-Ground, Faisalabad Name of the student: Registration No. : Abstract The purpose of this system is the development of a web-based system for managing information of The Pizza Shop, D-Ground, Faisalabad. This system will able to handle the menu selection and bill payment deal accurately and efficiently. This system will have a central database for its all branches. It will solve the problem of existing manual system which is difficult to serve and ordering services table. The proposed system will allow online ordering effectively and efficiently to customers and will provide immediate delivery. Customers can pay bills at delivery time. The proposed system will be easy to use to manage and more convenient for customers when placing order. It will have a number of facilities to select or check the menu items and payments will also provide on interface to handle all transactions easily. The SQL or MYSQL Server will be used as a database backend database and PHP or ASP as frontend for programming user applications. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Department of Computer Science Synopsis for M. Sc. Degree in Computer Sciences Title: Online Hotel Management System for The Pizza Shop, D-Ground, Faisalabad Date of Admission:October, 2010 Data of Initiation (Research):After approval Probable Duration (Research):4 Months PERSONNEL: a) Name of the student: b) Registration No. : c) Supervisory committee i)(Supervisor) ii)(Member) iii) Mr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal(Member) Introduction t present the hotels and restaurants are using the manual system. They recorded by hand in registers and notebooks. The physical system has a number of shortfalls. Customers can select any items using the planned system. The database administrator in the administrative headquarters will entitle customers to a limited use. All branches sent daily reports to the main branch and manage record effi ciently. The data will be centralized at the main branch. Accurate information extracted by the choice of good database. Writing accurate statement will helps for getting precise information about the records good database keep records in well manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Database backbone of every organization, insertion deletion and updation define in easy way. Correct information and good database going equivalent for precise result (Gogolla, 2007). The computer is converted in a need of the day. Because computers are involved in all areas of life, therefore, control of project managers is controlled by computers. The systems are based on computer are very helpful in solving difficult problems. Large amount of data and complex calculations and repetitive tasks fall into the domain of computer use (Varshavsky, 2007). Many companies experienced the impact of new technologies in the 1980s and early 1990s. It has recently been realized that the technologies are converging, raising more primary skill and resourcing. Technology while still de-skill a large number of jobs. The emphasis has shifted from people with technical staff to use sophisticated computer technology and display high levels of customer service (Nuseibe, 2010). The main purpose of this research is to facilitate customer orders online selection, online bill payments and facilitate customers by offering fast order delivery. All data management due to centralized data effectively. The system will provide quick access in an easy to obtain the necessary information about the current state of the restaurant. The state will tell you about different deals offered by the restaurant. Different types of data are provided by the generation of reports that help in making decisions on the basis of these reports. Objective The main objective of developing the proposed system is to facilitate the customer by the easy accessibility and convenience, the user interface will so easy to use that customers can place orders, and can go through hotel information online 24 / 7. Review of Literature Al-Ahmad (2006) recognized that Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) can be explained as a model for building software. In OOP, a program execution is considered a physical model, simulating either a real or imaginary part of the world. In OOP, concepts in the classification (things, behavior, relationships, etc. ) and real phenomena (special cases of aircraft, flight, security stocks, etc. ) are represented as classes and objects, respectively, in the model of computer system. In OOP, key concepts are modeled as classes that are ordered hierarchically so that a new class (subclass) is generally defined based on a given class (super class) using inheritance. Dhamayanthi and Thangavel (2006) adopted the framework. NET is a set of products for the development and management of systems with tiered architectures and object oriented. A framework generally include several design patterns is too . NET, The Assist patterns composing the frame architecture suitable for many different applications without redesign. An additional advantage is that the framework recognizes the design pattern you use. This paper is intended to present . NET versions for selected structural patterns. With the seven structural patterns discussed by Gang of Four (GOF), five are discover with the help of . NET framework. Gogolla et al. (2007) stated that Unified Modeling Language (UML) It provides significant today as a standard for software development. UML tools however provide light support for model validation and inspection in the early stages of development. Nor is there significant support for the Object Constraint Language (OCL). We present an approach for the support of UML models and OCL constraints based on animation and documentation. The purpose tool (UML-based environment under) supports analysts, designers and developers in executing UML models and OCL constraints examination and therefore allows them to employ model-based techniques for software decision. Thomas et al. (2008) said the structured query language (SQL) is a language used with interactive usual relational databases. A SQL statement is a unit of execution that returns a single result set from a database. An exhibition is the result of a software glitch that gives an attacker access to a computer system involuntary. SQLIV allow entry attacker to modify SQL structure via a SQL injection attack (SQLIA), which changes the logic of the SQL statement. An attack is a sequence of actions that exploit the vulnerability, often with devastating consequences. A SQLIA is a SQL injection attempt characters and / or keywords in the entrance of a SQL statement to modify the structure of the statement Koopmann (2009) explained that a word of caution with new unseen index function to be attentive to the other indexes created or changed without your knowledge invisible. If you have to watch over SQL index structures which now have to add checking this column visibility or else you will not see the full picture of the indexes that are being maintained by DML but do not contribute to the selectivity. This could become a nightmare for hidden applications when doing a lot of insertion, updating or deletion. Farooq (2010) reported that The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is an Object Management Group. Object-oriented. Modeling information standard. it consists of a set of notations for modeling systems diversity of viewpoints and at different levels of generalization. While the UML reflects some of the best models Object-oriented modeling experiences presented, there is a lack of semantic precision that is essential whether to use the notations to exactly model systems to cause severe and on the models. Zaveri and Hammerstrom (2010) discribed (SQL) Structured Query Language that is used to match the database middleware on these classes and modules database applications are one of the largest domain software and most important in the world. Some of the classes or modules in such applications are responsible for database operations. SQL is used to exchange a few words with the database middleware on these classes or modules. It can be issued interactively or attached to a host language. The objective of this work is expected to software development defects in PL / SQL SQL files using metrics. Based on actual project data desert, The SQL metrics are empirically validated by analyzing its association with the probability of error detection through PL / SQL files. Ruparelia (2010) explained a web application server assistances a standard HTTP web server applications from a standard Web server to perform a variety of tasks, such as form processing and database access. The predominant Web application server for the popular open source Apache Web server is PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor). This document provides an overview of the PHP programming language and its important functionality, including form testing and database access. The paper also discusses campus applications of PHP, including campus service projects, a field of computer science in the development of web applications and student projects. Liu (2010) said it is a popular result premise SQL database that can’t transmit recursive queries, such as skill range; in fact, a new building was added to SQL3 to overcome this limitation. However, the indication of this state is usually given in the form of a reference to the evidence that relational algebra can’t express such queries. SQL, on the other hand, in all its implementations has three aspects that differ fundamentally from relational algebra: namely, grouping, arithmetic operations, and aggregation. Allison (2011) reported that development is an object-oriented analysis and software design approach where system designers assume in terms of things instead of operations and variables. This involves designing object classes and relations between these classes. A class module is an idea that provides a model for the attributes and services that the object is. An object is an occurrence of the class module. Materials and Methods There are many problems in the manual system, because this system of web-based information is entered and also able to know the data is maintained in the computer system. There are many ways through which can be developed software application. All business organizations so that you can easily recover, and the management system database is useful for these tasks. Reduced time consumption by using computerized systems. This is responsible for these tasks. Tabular data will be manipulated by giving orders (Sharifian, et al. 2011). The graphical user interface will be used as the front end, and developed in PHP or ASP. SQL server is used for background design, storage and handling of data. Different reports are generated as required. Data redundancy is removed by the SQL server (Rao and Babu, 2009). The method will be used water fall in the hotel management system. In the waterfall process method includes the identification and selection of projects, project initiation and planning, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. In the first phase of the information needs of the system will be identified. After the first phase the gantt chart will be developed as a timeline for the determination of the task in the project initiation and planning phase. During analysis phase the investigation will be carried out, including the exchange of ideas on software, which will be going to be and what purpose will be fulfilled. Then, the logical design phase information system will be designed for the user interface. The interface plays an important role in connecting the user with the system. In the last the phase of the waterfall model, where the complete software will be given to the customer after the test. After that software has been implemented at the clients site, it will be the duty of the software development team to carry out routine maintenance activities by visiting the customer. LITERATURE CITED Al-Ahmad, W. 2006. A framework for conceptual modeling in OOP. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 343(221): 532-544. Allison, C. and N. Liddle. 2011. OOP: the rest of the story. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 27(2): 77-84. Dhamayanthi, N. nd P. Thangavel. 2006. Structural Design Patterns and . NET Framework 2. 0. Journal of Object Technology, 5(8): 59-80. Farooq, S. U. and S. M. K Quadri. 2010. Software Testing-Goals, Principles, and Limitations, Verification and Validation. International Journal of Computer Application, 6(9): 7. Gogolla, M. , F. Buttner and M. Richters. 2007. A UML-based specification environment for validating UML and OCL. Journal of Sci ence of Computer Programming, 7 (13): 7. Han, T. , C. Woo and J. L. Zhao. 2008. Recent advances in information technology and systems in the Internet-era. Decision Support Systems, 45(4): 663-664 Koopmann, J. 2009. Oracle Invisible Indexes and Index Usability, Create an index in production have not always been soundly rooted. Journal of database knowledge center for database professionals, 21(9): 81-82. Liu, C. 2010. Measuring and prioritising value of mobile phone usage. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 8(1): 41-52. Nuseibeh, B. 2010. Weaving Together Requirements and Architecture. Journal of IEEE Computer, 34(3): 117-125. Poole, L. 2005. Cellular Communications Explained From Basics to 3G. Oxford, Chapter 6 – GSM, 79-102. Rao, K. P. and G. A. Babu. 2009. Microsoft C# . NET program and electromagnetic depth sounding for large loop source. Journal of Microsoft . NET Program and Electromagnetic Depth Sounding for Large Loop Source, 35(7): 1369-1378. Ruparelia, N. B. 2010. Software development lifecycle models. Newsletter ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 35(3):8-13. Sharifian, S. , Seyed, A. M. and Mohammad, K. A. 2011. A predictive and probabilistic load-balancing algorithm for cluster-based web servers Original Research Article. ournal of Applied Soft Computing, 11(1): 970-981. Thomas, S. , L. Williams and T. Xie. 2008. On automated prepared statement generation to remove SQL injection vulnerabilities. Journal of Information and Software Technology, 51(3): 589-598. Varshavsky, A. , E. D. Lara, J. Hightower, A. LaMarca and V. Otsason. 2007. GSM indoor localization, Journal of Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 3(6): 698-720. Zaveri, M. S. and D. Hammerstrom. 20 10. Performance price estimates for cortex-scale hardware: A design space exploration. Journal of Neural Networks, 24(3): 291-304.