Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Systems Theory The Impact...

The birth of a new child usually brings jubilation to the parents. After all of the initial celebrations have ended, and the parents bring the infant home, this is when the child’s development begins. Even before the celebrations begin, the child’s development begins at the fetal stage (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). Bronfenbrenner’s Systems theory describes how external environments and individuals affect the development of a child (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). The relationships are interconnected among all individuals and their environments (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). These environments are referred to as spheres. Bronfenbrenner classified the spheres; starting from the outside as the macrosystem, exosystem, mesosystem, and†¦show more content†¦Same sex marriage has become a norm in Canada in recent years. This alternative definition of marriage used to be considered taboo to even mention it publicly in most western societies. With these new laws, the topic of same sex marriage will also be taught in school to new students just like how the Charter of Rights was taught to me in school. Exosystem Within the exosystem are the institutions that make up the socioeconomic system (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). These are the elements of the bigger macrosystem. According to Swick and Williams (2006), â€Å"we all live in systems psychologically and not physically; these are exosystems† (p. 372). These would include daycares, social service agencies and health care services (Boyd, Johnson, Bee, 2009). As a member of a low income family, there was a need to access social services agencies in order to meet the needs of being fed and paying the bills. Along with the visit to the social service agency, the social worker would also connect the family with a food bank. Even though the child does not directly need the service, the parent will use these services for the benefit of the child, (indirectly usage). (Swick Williams, 2006). Another example of an exosystem is the mass media, such as newspapers, radio and social media. The communication industry impacts everyone at any age whether or not you are a child or an adult. This service allows any person to keep up to date with current events. IShow MoreRelatedBronfenbrenner s Theory Of Human Development1673 Words   |  7 PagesBronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory Background The study and research of human development has always been intriguing and intensive. There are five perspectives commonly discussed: psychoanalytic, learning, cognitive, contextual, and evolutionary/sociobiological. Those who follow the contextual perspective believe that development can be understood only in its social context. Also, they observe the individual as an inseparable component of the environment. Psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner is responsibleRead MoreChild Development Theories1560 Words   |  7 PagesChild Development: An Examination of Three Theories There are a lot of theories regarding child development. Three of these theories are Bioecological Theory, Social-Cognitive Theory and Information-Processing Theory. This paper will discuss these theories by comparing and contrasting them. The first theory is the Bioecological Theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. This theory is based on the nature vs. nurture idea. Bronfenbrenner believed development of a child was determinedRead MoreThe Influence and Impact on the Bio Ecological Model System2292 Words   |  10 PagesInfluences and Impact on the Bioecological Model Systems SOC 312: Child, Family amp; Society Instructor: Lynsey Ulibarri September 17, 2012 The Influences and Impact of the Bioecological Model Systems In today society children develop is a very important process that each parents, caregiver and individual should know. Mainly we can conclude that every child do not develop the same and actually cannot be treated the same when they go through their stages of development. One theory that helps usRead MoreBronfenbrenner s Ecological Systems Theory And Its Impact On Early Childhood Development869 Words   |  4 Pagesoverview of Bronfenbrenner s ecological systems theory and its impact on early childhood development. The researcher will review key literature to present a background of the ecological approach. Furthermore, the researcher will discuss how to implement the ecological approach to develop a quality learning environment for early childhood education (i.e., for children 0-8 years). A summary will conclude the essay. Ecological Systems Theory Background Bronfenbrenner s ecological systems theory describesRead MoreEcological Systems Theory : Urie Bronfenbrenner1378 Words   |  6 Pages Ecological Systems Theory – Urie Bronfenbrenner Urie Bronfenbrenner was an American developmental psychologist who most is known for his Ecological Systems Theory of child development. Scientific work and his assistance to the United States government helped in the formation the Head Start program in 1965. Bronfenbrenner’s research and his theory was key in changing the perspective in developmental psychology by calling attention to the large number of environmental and societal influencesRead MoreBronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesECOLOGICAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT Bronfenbrenners Ecological Theory of Development Jermor Simmons Capella University #8195; Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Abstract 3 Method 4 Results 4 References 5 #8195; Abstract The development and growth of an individual is within the constraints of the social environment (Jordan 183). Bronfenbrenners theory that development is influenced by experiences arising from broader social and cultural systems as well as a childs immediateRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1096 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion of how development can be conceptualized. One approach is to divide development into different stages. For example Freud (..) and Piaget (2003, 2000, 1985) described development as a qualitatively distinct series of stages. But there has been criticism about stage-based approaches in terms of how it is able to take on account the individual differences between children in development. The focus of this essay is on Piaget’s theory because it is one of the most influential theories. FurthermoreRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesabout human development, we are referring to the growth of humans in all aspects throughout their life. In this essay, I will be discussing two types of human development. Cognitive development, which is to do with the ability to think, remember and reason, and Social development, which involves relationships and interactions in the world around the individual. I will focus on how they relate to two significant experiences in my life and how these experiences were critical to my development as a learnerRead MoreSibling Relationships Within The United States2226 Words   |  9 Pagesdevelopmental research such that they are the longest enduring relationship a person may have over the life course (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, Collins, 2005). Siblings influence development in a variety of ways by providing teaching and caregiving opportunities that result in greater cognitive, language, and psychosocial development in both older and younger siblings (Jenkins, 1989). Specifically, sibling relationships that depict a balance of nurturance and conflict have been found to provide childrenRead MoreBronfenbrenner s Ecological Systems Theory1761 Words   |  8 PagesBronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and how it applies to the plight of children in the European migrant crisis In order to understand how Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory of human development applies to children of the European migrant crisis, it may be useful to start by explaining what the ecological systems theory is. This theory was published in 1979 and was developed by developmental psychologist, Urie Bronfenbrenner. It is an evolving theoretical system developed for the use

Teen Pregnancy and Sex Education Essay - 1794 Words

Adolescent pregnancy is a crisis that inadvertently affects all. It is not only a burden to the young woman and her family, but it also has a consequential impact on society. Reducing the number of adolescent pregnancies would promote child well-being and decrease child poverty statistics (â€Å"National Data†). Increasing the number of comprehensive sex education courses would help young people learn how to better protect themselves against premature pregnancy and STDs, and in turn curtail the number of teenage pregnancies. The Facts Among industrialized countries, the United States has the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy. The rate of teen pregnancy in the U.S. is twice that of Great Britain and four times that of Germany and France.†¦show more content†¦No one story is alike. Each offers a different look into a variety of challenges teen moms will face including, finances, high school graduation, and adoption (or whether to raise the child). Faced with adversity these girls are forced to sacrifice their adolescence and forfeit high school memories. However ,there is optimism among them: they are determined to make their lives work and will sacrifice it all to provide for their babies. Sex Education History In the past, sex education has been scrutinized on many occasions. Even today, its curriculum still remains under constant revision. Enacting a more comprehensive sex education curriculum within schools could reduce the number of adolescent pregnancies. David Landry points out, only abstinence based curriculum programs receive funding under current federal legislation (261-262). In order to comply with federal legislation and receive funding, some states are revising their current sex education curriculum to reflect abstinence exclusively. In these abstinence-only programs, teachers place an emphasis on educating adolescents about the benefits of ‘delaying sex until marriage’ (Anderson and Amy Sullivan). The primary practice each form of education shares is prevention, educating the young in hopes of lowering teen pregnancy in generations to come. In 2000, an article published by the Guttmacher Institute compared surveys of 1988 and 1999 sex educat ion topics.Show MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy And Sex Education Programs900 Words   |  4 Pages1. Clemmitt, Marcia. â€Å"Teen Pregnancy.† CQ Researcher 20. 12 (2010): 267-287. Web. This particular source is an academic journal which goes into immense detail about the high rates of teen pregnancy and sex education programs the United States government provides. The article is informative and supportive of the sex education programs and explains the success rates of these programs in reducing teen pregnancy. Author Marica Clemmitt, former editor for other scholarly articles involving Medicine andRead MoreThe Importance of Comprehensive Sex Education to Decrease Teen Pregnancies894 Words   |  4 Pagesare facing lots of problems. New problems are rising such as an increased pregnancy rate among teenagers. Our teenage girls are less developed and unprepared for the problems which come along with their decision to have sex. It is also too early for teenage girls to become pregnant. Many teens think having a baby is some sort of joke. They believe it will never happen to them but the reality is that every time teens have sex, there is a possibility that the sperm will find its way to the egg if theyRead MoreEvaluation Of Sex Education School On Teen Pregnancy Prevention3109 Words   |  13 Pages Research Proposal Evaluation of Sex Education in School on Teen Pregnancy Prevention Megan R. Fitzgerald PSY 290 – Research Methods Gayle Schwark, Ph.D. Arizona State University November 27, 2014 Abstract This study is proposed in order to evaluate the various types of school-based sex education programs and the effect that these specific programs have on teen pregnancy rates. The type of approaches for school-based sex education programs offered to the teenage participants will beRead MoreHigh Teen Pregnancy Rate: Comprehensive Sex Education at Fault?1377 Words   |  6 Pageswho become pregnant each year in the United States. According to The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 34% percent of young women become pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20. Eight in ten of these teen pregnancies are unintended and 79% are to unmarried teens. There are many preliminary causes for such a high In Kizzy’s case, the blame is put on the lack of sexual education within her school. She claims that because she did not received adequate information on this subjectRead MoreComprehensive Preparation For A Complete Life1068 Words   |  5 Pagesfor a Complete Life Teen pregnancy has been a serious social issue for quite a while. Often, a teen pregnancy is detrimental for both the teen and the child involved. Both a teen mother and her child are more susceptible to complications during the pregnancy and birth than and adult mother and her child. Unfortunately, a teen mother and her infant are also less likely to pursue and receive healthcare to alleviate these health risks (Teen Pregnancy). Moreover, â€Å"teen pregnancy is often cited as a factorRead MoreEssay on Teenage Pregnancy and Prevention1320 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough teen pregnancy has declined in the past, the United States is still number one out of all industrialized countries of teen pregnancies. Therefore, implementing an in depth sex education class covering parenting in schools will allow teens to fully understand he consequences of having protected or unprotected sex. All children deserve love and care from their parents. The United States has a higher rate of teen pregnancy than other countries because one is not open to talk about sex with aRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Should Be Pregnant Before The Age Of Twenty1504 Words   |  7 Pageshighest teen birth rate in the world, every year the United States experiences 610,000 teen pregnancies (Bleakly 2006). The figures show that three in ten adolescent girls will become pregnant before the age of twenty. People ages 15-24 represent 25 eighteen 70 percent of United States females, and 62 percent of males have had sex. About 3.2 million adolescent females are infected with the most common STI’s, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea (Bleakly 2006). The likelihood of teens having sex increasesRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates By Jacqueline Sedgwick s Article, American Adolescents And Emergency Contraceptive Pill Access843 Words   |  4 Pagesin America’s society today is teen pregnancy rates. In fact, â€Å"teen sexual activity, pregnancy, and childb earing are associated with substantial social, economic, and health costs† (Sedgwick). However, this problem is not one without a solution. The rise of teen pregnancy rates can be prevented and reversed by providing better access to birth control for teens, eliminating the negative connotation that accompanies abstinence, and implementing more efficient sex education in public schools. One solutionRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pages Teen Pregnancy The fearless of all parents who have teenagers is pregnancy. Nowadays, teen pregnancy is a serious problem. Teenage have a lack of skills to handle a pregnancy. So that impact strongly on the future of a young woman. Teen pregnancy is associated with negative consequences for adolescents for three reasons: lack of education, medical complication, uncertainty about the future, and financial difficulties. First, the main causes of teenage pregnancy are the lack of education on safeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : Protecting Our Youth Through Abstinence1316 Words   |  6 PagesRebecca Powell English IV 30 October 2015 Teen Pregnancy: Protecting Our Youth Through Abstinence What is Teen Pregnancy? It is the pregnancy of adolescent girls from the ages of 13-20. Teen Pregnancy is one of the most trending things happening in today’s society. Statistics shows that 1,000,000 girls become pregnant every year (Garth). Being that the United States is in the highest percentage of teen pregnancy. 40% will have government assistance (Garth). The teen birth rate from 1990-1995 per 1,000

Leadership Involve Combination Of Direct †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Leadership Skills Involve Combination Of Direct? Answer: Introduction: I have eventually come across many bosses while doing part time jobs for years as a student. However, I have selected to discuss about my present boss Dr. David Lew, a chiropractor in Chiropractic Health and Wellness Clinic. Effective leadership is often the leadership that considers the needs of the individuals and implements small changes that bring a huge difference so that the quality and productivity of work can be improved (Fowler 2011). According to me, my boss pursues an empathetic behaviour for his subordinates and implements required changes as well. My boss has demonstrated his good leadership skills for his subordinates and that is what has stuck me because I have faced many unpleasant bosses and that is why I consider him an effective leader. The journey of success in his work is because of his patients who have much faith in him that they will get full recovery under his treatment. This essay aims to discuss and identify the leadership style of my boss and utilize the same to enhance my leadership skills. Observation: Having worked with Dr. Liew for the past two years it is very easier for me to interact with him. In the next part of this essay, I will be discussing about my observation about Dr. Liews leadership skill, behavioral aspects. Leadership: Dr. Liews leadership skills involve combination of direct, supporting and participatory behaviour. Direct as he guides his subordinates about the task and makes them match the standard. He is supportive because he reaches out to his subordinates and remains concerned about them. He has participatory behaviour because he trusts his employees and believes that every individual has the ability to take proper decisions for them. According to the Ohio state university studies, he is marked in the consideration category because he displays his concern towards his employees and has a friendly behaviour for them. He is the person who takes care of his employees and consults them in the decision making process regarding any improvements of the business. Behaviour: In my opinion, Dr. Liew pursues both relationship and task oriented approach but his relationship approach is more highlighted. His task oriented approach deals with allotting tasks to me as well as other employees along with a discussion on how it needs to be done. He mainly pursues interpersonal leadership skill but has no negligence towards the actual tasks as well. Few personality traits make an effective leader and for describing my boss, I would like to use the words like self-confident, enthusiastic, trustworthy, assertive and warm natured person. He has a confident approach towards his capabilities as a chiropractor and in managing his subordinates; this makes us spread the positive vibe of his abilities in the doubtful patients. His self-confident nature warms up to be confident while delivering answer to every query regarding treatments. He is enthusiastic towards his work and always enjoys whatever he does. He trusts us that we will carry our duties and work properly and will ensure honesty so that it leads to good culture within the workplace. He always hears the concern of the employees and he implies the fact that he is happy to have our participation in the company. He explains his assertiveness in a formal way when he has different opinions about any issue and this is an uncommon trait as there are few persons who care about others peoples demands. His task related approach describes that he is passionate about his work. When I enquired him about his level of comfort in longs hours of work he revealed his pride about his work and said that it makes him happy to make patients feel better. This point of his behaviour influenced me to enjoy my work even I am having long hours. He has flexible approach towards every change and towards situations as well. I learned about this flexibility when he allowed me to take offs for my exams even if he had the trouble to arrange my replacement. He does not even show his unhappiness when anyone of his employees are unable to visit office and he tries to make up the situation by finding any worthy solution instead of being aggressive about the change. Pursuing graduation, I wanted to work for full time, Dr. Liew advised me about my life, and he made me face the truth that in spite of working hard we will often face problem that would lead us to, not reach our goals. At the same time, he revealed that in spite of wanting to be a heart doctor, changes in law blocked his roads and he had to focus of chiropractic studies. Unable to fulfil his dream he adapted to the change and established himself. In his opinion, people needs to pick them up after they fall down and look forward to what fate has for them. Power and influence: Power is the capability to do things in a desired manner (Salancik and Pfeffer 1977). By observing Dr Liew, I realized that he uses two types of each positive position power and personal power for getting work done. Being the boss of the company, he already has legitimate power and this makes his subordinates follow his decisions. However, he timely praises the employees for their good work and this is what keeps us motivated and energetic towards our work. He does not possess authority on us and does not pursue coercive power. The stems of his power are expanded from being a chiropractor to being a boss. We follow his knowledge and abilities and admire his struggle that he went through in his life to achieve this stage. Influence is often defined as a change of behaviour, which holds an individual among others (Lucas and Baxter 2011). Dr Liew has much influenced his employees with his power whereby he is liked and able to gather respect, interest and esteem from others. His personality does not make him go and talk down to people because of his authority, and he does not expect people to work over tasks. He uses rational thought to tell us how something is to be done, and this makes us accept his influence due to his logics for any specific matter. He is never aggressive even if he has the authority to do so. He thinks that being a part of his company, we are helping him out and that is why he helps us too in our personal or professional matters and guides us to the right way. He always guides me with many life decisions and reminds me that there are very few things in life, that goes according to our wish and that is why we need to adapt changes and accept what fate has for us. Doing this will make our life easier and we will able to accept everything in a calm manner. His leadership guides us to enjoy our work even if we get long shifts because he taught us that we must learn to love what we are doing rather than giving up our interest and doing the work just for the sake that it has to be done. I have learnt many things from him, which will help me, enhance my leadership skill and be a good leader as well as an individual in my life. His thoughts help me to trust others and be supportive towards others problems. Interview: The following part is the discussion of the interview of Dr. Liew who made me glad by giving the opportunity to interview him about his leadership skills. I asked him for the interview in order to increase my knowledge about leadership skills. Leadership style: Dr. Liew described himself to be a leader who has flexibility, which means he has very few demands expect the quality work from his employees. He described that he has flexible approach towards every change in the organisation and towards every burning situations as well if he sees that it can be handled. According to him, we must stay calm on a matter that can be managed because managing something is more important that behaving in an aggressive manner for the reason it happened. He never believes in autocratic leadership and he said that he had allowed me to take offs for my exams even if he had the trouble to arrange my replacement because of his flexible nature. He again depicts the fact that he does not even show his unhappiness when not anyone of his employees visits office for any certain reason and at the moment he tries to make up the situation by finding any alternate solution instead of being aggressive about the off. This is because the absence can be taken to considerati on later but work will not stop due to someones absence. He believes that involvement of the employees in the decision making process of the company, they will be more motivated to work and give their best for the company. I have got the evidence for this because there are many times when he allots us some work but do not guide us about the ways it needs to be done as he trusts that we will not do the thing wrong for proving him that his trust is at the right place. This often helps him take our test about how we can manage work all by us without depending on him every time. This process helps us to gain confidence about our work and we get adapted to some work that we did not have faith that we would have been able to do any time. However, he pursues different thought for the employees who are not able to match the standards because he thinks that those employees need good guidance and support rather than space, which is thought to be helpful for doing things on their own. He prefers leadership as a manner that can be led by someone else Deckop, Cirka, Andersson 2003). He thinks that all his employees are his family and he shows helpful and friendly behaviour and trust towards them. He believes that by practising proper interpersonal relationship he will be able to influence the commitment of the employees towards their work and let them do their work with interest and not for any command of their leader. He thinks that in his company people will work with interest and not only because they will have to do it. He disclosed the fact that he does not want his employees to get tired of their work by thinking that every day they are following instructions and working, instead of them he wants his employees to get involved in the decision making process and helping him in management work of the company. The path-goal theory of leadership states that the behaviour of the leader should motivate the employees and the leader must compliment and supplement the good and bad things of the work place (Jermier 1996). Dr. Liew said that he is sure about the aim that doing one task reaches and having the involvement of the employees and helping them out with good behaviour will make the result of the work more worthy. The employees will acknowledge the good behaviour of the leader and try to help them out as well in order to prove that he has not made a bad choice by trusting them. He seemed to have agreed with my statement of practising relationship oriented leadership when he said that he wants to be a guide for the employees but at the same time he disagreed about the fact by describing that an organisation cannot move towards its goals unless there are some task allotted and expectations fulfilled by the employees. He unlike me believes that there is no way that the employees will respect him for being a leader if he always focuses on enhancing the employer-employee relationship and misuse his power and behaviour by not working at all. Power and influence: Dr. Liew has seen many ups and downs in his life and that is why life has made him understanding and provided him with the ability with which he can fit in any condition he wants to fit himself in. He believes that using a referent power will help his employees be influenced. He explains the fact how he started working and how he struggled long hours at the medical hall which his father had while he was much younger. Struggling in that situation had made him understand what right attitude for work means and how others will appreciate this hard struggle one day. He knows how we as an employee feel when we have to struggle with long hours of work as he has gone through the same stage in his early life. That is the reason he remains concerned about our work and understands our situation as well. He guides us a parent guides them, which makes it clear that he did not get the same support from his parents at his young age. He is able to set himself as a good influence for many employees and they all have accepted the fact that he is very dedicated towards his work. We as his employees understand his concern regarding work, as he understands our concern and try to help him out with our hard efforts. Factors influencing him to be a good leader: Dr. Liew in the interview mentioned that there is no chosen method, which leads to the way of being a good leader. According to him, adapting in every situation is more important and more important than adaptation is the chosen action that we pursue in our work life. He claimed that effective leadership may change timely but his words relates to situational leadership. He described that to be a good leader a person first need to consider the fact of learning to listen to others and understand them. This is because may be from the person whom we have been asking for work can be facing a lot of challenges in his life and that is why it is better to listen and understand others problem rather than just behaving harsh towards them. A good leader always has the ability to understand the unspoken words of others and relate to their problem as well (Bonnci Cooper 2011). Reflection and improving areas: After making an effective interview with Dr Liew, I came to know that he is having the capability of being charismatic leader. He is successful enough in influencing us positively from his personal life experience. A charismatic relationship occurs at that particular time when followers intend to trust on the positive attributes of a leader (Geberta, Heinitzb, Buengelerc 2016). As per my personal opinion an efficient leader should be concerned on fairly work within the workplace. After making an effective interaction with this personality I got to know that a good leader should be possessed with numerous components. A good leader should have a proper personality who is able to motivate us for succeeding towards the meeting the target. I came to realize that good leader should have the quality of supporting the performance level of employees by implementing motivational theories, strategies and policies. I was enjoying my workplace after being acquainted with this good leader. I was v ery happy in delivering effective services for my organization due to the presence of a good leader. As a leader Dr Liew never intends to impose his own decision on the employees. I was not confident at all in handling the entire process of business if Dr Liew did not stretch his hand towards me and trust on my efficiency (Bonnici Cooper 2011). The primary responsibility of a good leader should be dealing with every negative situation positively. I should never surrender my skill in front of situation. I have learnt from Dr Liew that any kind of difficulties should be dealt with proper skill and competency. Hardships and constraints are the part of business process. I as a professional should deal every single situation effectively. It is undeniable that I am highly influenced at the leadership skill and policy that Dr Liew uses at the workplace. I have come to know different form of leadership styles and models that can be used at my workplace. The situational leadership model indi cates that the structure of the leadership style should be changed according to the task orientation and followers maturity (VecchioGuion 1987). Emotional intelligence differs from one person to another. In this kind of situation, the professionals should use the leadership style as per the temperament level of an individual employee. After conducting the interview of Dr Liew I came to know how to deal with immature professionals at the workplace by maintaining their performance level for achieving the success of business. In order to deal with an immature personality leader should decrease the level of work pressure by maintaining relationship behavior. However, it can be stated that implementation of model or theory cannot render the success of business. The leaders should use the model in the practical field so that a person can realize the pros and cons (Hersey, Blanchard and Natemeyer 1979). Conclusion: As already stated, leadership skill can be learnt theoretically. However, it is undeniable that a leader would not be able to become efficient unless the individual is facing the practical situation and gaining experience from the workplace (Kohler 2016). A good leader should have a proper personality who is able to motivate us for succeeding towards the meeting the target. I came to realize that good leader should have the quality of supporting the performance level of employees by implementing motivational theories, strategies and policies. Effective leadership signifies the mutual understanding between managers and subordinates. I personally feel that we should make a constant observation on the people around us for making them professional for becoming a good leader. References: Bonnici, CA Cooper BS 2011, Creating a Successful Leadership Style Principles of Personal Strategic Planning, Proquest. Deckop, JR, Cirka, CC Andersson, LM 2003, Doing Unto Others: The Reciprocity of Helping Behavior in Organizations, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 101-113, viewed 10 March 2017, SpringerLink Database. Fowler J 2011, Effective Leadership, Nursing Management, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 38, viewed 13 March 2017, Proquest Database. Geberta, D, Heinitzb, K Buengelerc, C 2016, Leaders' charismatic leadership and followers' commitment The moderating dynamics of value erosion at the societal level, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 98108, viewed 13 March 2017, Elsevier Database. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hayton, J. (2015). Leadership and Management Skills in SMEs. Warwick Business School. Hersey, P, Blanchard, K Natemeyer, W 1979 Situational Leadership, Perception, and the Impact of Power, Group Organization Studies, vol. 4, no. 4, pp.418, viewed 12 March 2017, Proquest Database. Jermier, JM 1996, The path-goal theory of leadership: A subtextual analysis, The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.311-316, viewed 13 March 2017, Elsevier Database. Kohler, R 2016, Optimization of leadership style : new approaches to effective multicultural leadership in international teams, SpringerLink. Lucas, JW Baxter, AR 2011, Power, Influence, and Diversity in Organizations, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 638, pp. 49, viewed 11 March 2017, Sage Journal Database. Nahavandi, A. (2016). The Art and Science of Leadership -Global Edition. Pearson. R?ducan, R., R?ducan, R. (2014). Leadership and management. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 149, 808-812. Salancik, GR Pfeffer, J 1977, Who gets power and how they hold on to it: A strategic-contingency model of power, Organizational Dynamics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 3-21, viewed 15 March 2017, Elsevier Database. Vecchio, RpGuion, R 1987 Situational Leadership Theory: An Examination of a Prescriptive Theory, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 72, no. 3, pp.444-451, viewed 13 March 2017, EBSCOhost Database.

Synopsis Computer and Online Hotel Management Essay Example

Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management Essay University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Department of Computer Science Synopsis for M. Sc. Degree in Computer Sciences Title: Online Hotel Management System for The Pizza Shop, D-Ground, Faisalabad Name of the student: Registration No. : Abstract The purpose of this system is the development of a web-based system for managing information of The Pizza Shop, D-Ground, Faisalabad. This system will able to handle the menu selection and bill payment deal accurately and efficiently. This system will have a central database for its all branches. It will solve the problem of existing manual system which is difficult to serve and ordering services table. The proposed system will allow online ordering effectively and efficiently to customers and will provide immediate delivery. Customers can pay bills at delivery time. The proposed system will be easy to use to manage and more convenient for customers when placing order. It will have a number of facilities to select or check the menu items and payments will also provide on interface to handle all transactions easily. The SQL or MYSQL Server will be used as a database backend database and PHP or ASP as frontend for programming user applications. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Department of Computer Science Synopsis for M. Sc. Degree in Computer Sciences Title: Online Hotel Management System for The Pizza Shop, D-Ground, Faisalabad Date of Admission:October, 2010 Data of Initiation (Research):After approval Probable Duration (Research):4 Months PERSONNEL: a) Name of the student: b) Registration No. : c) Supervisory committee i)(Supervisor) ii)(Member) iii) Mr. Muhammad Zafar Iqbal(Member) Introduction t present the hotels and restaurants are using the manual system. They recorded by hand in registers and notebooks. The physical system has a number of shortfalls. Customers can select any items using the planned system. The database administrator in the administrative headquarters will entitle customers to a limited use. All branches sent daily reports to the main branch and manage record effi ciently. The data will be centralized at the main branch. Accurate information extracted by the choice of good database. Writing accurate statement will helps for getting precise information about the records good database keep records in well manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Synopsis: Computer and Online Hotel Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Database backbone of every organization, insertion deletion and updation define in easy way. Correct information and good database going equivalent for precise result (Gogolla, 2007). The computer is converted in a need of the day. Because computers are involved in all areas of life, therefore, control of project managers is controlled by computers. The systems are based on computer are very helpful in solving difficult problems. Large amount of data and complex calculations and repetitive tasks fall into the domain of computer use (Varshavsky, 2007). Many companies experienced the impact of new technologies in the 1980s and early 1990s. It has recently been realized that the technologies are converging, raising more primary skill and resourcing. Technology while still de-skill a large number of jobs. The emphasis has shifted from people with technical staff to use sophisticated computer technology and display high levels of customer service (Nuseibe, 2010). The main purpose of this research is to facilitate customer orders online selection, online bill payments and facilitate customers by offering fast order delivery. All data management due to centralized data effectively. The system will provide quick access in an easy to obtain the necessary information about the current state of the restaurant. The state will tell you about different deals offered by the restaurant. Different types of data are provided by the generation of reports that help in making decisions on the basis of these reports. Objective The main objective of developing the proposed system is to facilitate the customer by the easy accessibility and convenience, the user interface will so easy to use that customers can place orders, and can go through hotel information online 24 / 7. Review of Literature Al-Ahmad (2006) recognized that Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) can be explained as a model for building software. In OOP, a program execution is considered a physical model, simulating either a real or imaginary part of the world. In OOP, concepts in the classification (things, behavior, relationships, etc. ) and real phenomena (special cases of aircraft, flight, security stocks, etc. ) are represented as classes and objects, respectively, in the model of computer system. In OOP, key concepts are modeled as classes that are ordered hierarchically so that a new class (subclass) is generally defined based on a given class (super class) using inheritance. Dhamayanthi and Thangavel (2006) adopted the framework. NET is a set of products for the development and management of systems with tiered architectures and object oriented. A framework generally include several design patterns is too . NET, The Assist patterns composing the frame architecture suitable for many different applications without redesign. An additional advantage is that the framework recognizes the design pattern you use. This paper is intended to present . NET versions for selected structural patterns. With the seven structural patterns discussed by Gang of Four (GOF), five are discover with the help of . NET framework. Gogolla et al. (2007) stated that Unified Modeling Language (UML) It provides significant today as a standard for software development. UML tools however provide light support for model validation and inspection in the early stages of development. Nor is there significant support for the Object Constraint Language (OCL). We present an approach for the support of UML models and OCL constraints based on animation and documentation. The purpose tool (UML-based environment under) supports analysts, designers and developers in executing UML models and OCL constraints examination and therefore allows them to employ model-based techniques for software decision. Thomas et al. (2008) said the structured query language (SQL) is a language used with interactive usual relational databases. A SQL statement is a unit of execution that returns a single result set from a database. An exhibition is the result of a software glitch that gives an attacker access to a computer system involuntary. SQLIV allow entry attacker to modify SQL structure via a SQL injection attack (SQLIA), which changes the logic of the SQL statement. An attack is a sequence of actions that exploit the vulnerability, often with devastating consequences. A SQLIA is a SQL injection attempt characters and / or keywords in the entrance of a SQL statement to modify the structure of the statement Koopmann (2009) explained that a word of caution with new unseen index function to be attentive to the other indexes created or changed without your knowledge invisible. If you have to watch over SQL index structures which now have to add checking this column visibility or else you will not see the full picture of the indexes that are being maintained by DML but do not contribute to the selectivity. This could become a nightmare for hidden applications when doing a lot of insertion, updating or deletion. Farooq (2010) reported that The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is an Object Management Group. Object-oriented. Modeling information standard. it consists of a set of notations for modeling systems diversity of viewpoints and at different levels of generalization. While the UML reflects some of the best models Object-oriented modeling experiences presented, there is a lack of semantic precision that is essential whether to use the notations to exactly model systems to cause severe and on the models. Zaveri and Hammerstrom (2010) discribed (SQL) Structured Query Language that is used to match the database middleware on these classes and modules database applications are one of the largest domain software and most important in the world. Some of the classes or modules in such applications are responsible for database operations. SQL is used to exchange a few words with the database middleware on these classes or modules. It can be issued interactively or attached to a host language. The objective of this work is expected to software development defects in PL / SQL SQL files using metrics. Based on actual project data desert, The SQL metrics are empirically validated by analyzing its association with the probability of error detection through PL / SQL files. Ruparelia (2010) explained a web application server assistances a standard HTTP web server applications from a standard Web server to perform a variety of tasks, such as form processing and database access. The predominant Web application server for the popular open source Apache Web server is PHP (PHP Hypertext Preprocessor). This document provides an overview of the PHP programming language and its important functionality, including form testing and database access. The paper also discusses campus applications of PHP, including campus service projects, a field of computer science in the development of web applications and student projects. Liu (2010) said it is a popular result premise SQL database that can’t transmit recursive queries, such as skill range; in fact, a new building was added to SQL3 to overcome this limitation. However, the indication of this state is usually given in the form of a reference to the evidence that relational algebra can’t express such queries. SQL, on the other hand, in all its implementations has three aspects that differ fundamentally from relational algebra: namely, grouping, arithmetic operations, and aggregation. Allison (2011) reported that development is an object-oriented analysis and software design approach where system designers assume in terms of things instead of operations and variables. This involves designing object classes and relations between these classes. A class module is an idea that provides a model for the attributes and services that the object is. An object is an occurrence of the class module. Materials and Methods There are many problems in the manual system, because this system of web-based information is entered and also able to know the data is maintained in the computer system. There are many ways through which can be developed software application. All business organizations so that you can easily recover, and the management system database is useful for these tasks. Reduced time consumption by using computerized systems. This is responsible for these tasks. Tabular data will be manipulated by giving orders (Sharifian, et al. 2011). The graphical user interface will be used as the front end, and developed in PHP or ASP. SQL server is used for background design, storage and handling of data. Different reports are generated as required. Data redundancy is removed by the SQL server (Rao and Babu, 2009). The method will be used water fall in the hotel management system. In the waterfall process method includes the identification and selection of projects, project initiation and planning, analysis, design, implementation and maintenance. In the first phase of the information needs of the system will be identified. After the first phase the gantt chart will be developed as a timeline for the determination of the task in the project initiation and planning phase. During analysis phase the investigation will be carried out, including the exchange of ideas on software, which will be going to be and what purpose will be fulfilled. Then, the logical design phase information system will be designed for the user interface. The interface plays an important role in connecting the user with the system. In the last the phase of the waterfall model, where the complete software will be given to the customer after the test. After that software has been implemented at the clients site, it will be the duty of the software development team to carry out routine maintenance activities by visiting the customer. LITERATURE CITED Al-Ahmad, W. 2006. A framework for conceptual modeling in OOP. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 343(221): 532-544. Allison, C. and N. Liddle. 2011. OOP: the rest of the story. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 27(2): 77-84. Dhamayanthi, N. nd P. Thangavel. 2006. Structural Design Patterns and . NET Framework 2. 0. Journal of Object Technology, 5(8): 59-80. Farooq, S. U. and S. M. K Quadri. 2010. Software Testing-Goals, Principles, and Limitations, Verification and Validation. International Journal of Computer Application, 6(9): 7. Gogolla, M. , F. Buttner and M. Richters. 2007. A UML-based specification environment for validating UML and OCL. Journal of Sci ence of Computer Programming, 7 (13): 7. Han, T. , C. Woo and J. L. Zhao. 2008. Recent advances in information technology and systems in the Internet-era. Decision Support Systems, 45(4): 663-664 Koopmann, J. 2009. Oracle Invisible Indexes and Index Usability, Create an index in production have not always been soundly rooted. Journal of database knowledge center for database professionals, 21(9): 81-82. Liu, C. 2010. Measuring and prioritising value of mobile phone usage. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 8(1): 41-52. Nuseibeh, B. 2010. Weaving Together Requirements and Architecture. Journal of IEEE Computer, 34(3): 117-125. Poole, L. 2005. Cellular Communications Explained From Basics to 3G. Oxford, Chapter 6 – GSM, 79-102. Rao, K. P. and G. A. Babu. 2009. Microsoft C# . NET program and electromagnetic depth sounding for large loop source. Journal of Microsoft . NET Program and Electromagnetic Depth Sounding for Large Loop Source, 35(7): 1369-1378. Ruparelia, N. B. 2010. Software development lifecycle models. Newsletter ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 35(3):8-13. Sharifian, S. , Seyed, A. M. and Mohammad, K. A. 2011. A predictive and probabilistic load-balancing algorithm for cluster-based web servers Original Research Article. ournal of Applied Soft Computing, 11(1): 970-981. Thomas, S. , L. Williams and T. Xie. 2008. On automated prepared statement generation to remove SQL injection vulnerabilities. Journal of Information and Software Technology, 51(3): 589-598. Varshavsky, A. , E. D. Lara, J. Hightower, A. LaMarca and V. Otsason. 2007. GSM indoor localization, Journal of Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 3(6): 698-720. Zaveri, M. S. and D. Hammerstrom. 20 10. Performance price estimates for cortex-scale hardware: A design space exploration. Journal of Neural Networks, 24(3): 291-304.

Madonna Essays - Madonna, Pop Ballads, Like A Prayer, Oh Father

Madonna Born August 16, 1958 in Bay City, Michigan to a lower-middle class Italian-Catholic household, Madonna Louise Ciccone was the third eldest daughter born. Her father Chrysler engineer Sylvio (Tony) Ciccone and French-Canadienne Madonna Fortin, for whom the future superstar was named "Veronica" was added to her name for confirmation. While at a young age of five, Madonna's world fell apart as her mother struggled to a long process of breast cancer on December 1, 1963. Gathering strength from the tragedious loss of her mother, Madonna took a role of the head female of the house. She constantly competed with her other siblings for attention and eventually became her father's loved one. Madonna turned her perfect self into a bitter one when Sylvio married Joan Gustafson, the family's housekeeper, three years after his wife's death. The child resented her father's betrayal and wouldn't accept her step-mother authority. While going through tough times, Ms Ciccone developed a passion for the arts. Madonna acted in high school productions, but ultimately dance became her interest in her childhood life. In addition to being a cheerleader, Madonna took up ballet classes while attending Rochester Adams High School. She found a mentor in dance instructor Christopher Flynn, who introduced her to the world of spunkiness and sophistication at Detroit gay clubs. Madonna's wild sexuality made her fly sky high! She went on dates with guys, had her first rape encounter at 14 and toyed with the idea of lesbianism and practiced mutual things with her female classmate. Having excellent academic performance in addition to her dancing skills, Madonna graduated early in 1976 with a dance scholarship to the University of Michigan, where she studied poetry and dance. There, she had her first acquaintance with Steven Bray. Bray was a black drummer in an R&b band , and she began to attend his gigs. Finally, after spending just five semesters at U of M and the encouragement of Flynn, the nineteen-year-old set off to realize her dream. Despite her fathers dreams, Madonna began her world wide adventure, looking for roles where she could not only dance but sing also. Later on back in Queens, the Gilroys started The Breakfast Club in the fall of 1979 with Madonna on drums. That failed when the lead guitarist stopped the band. Madonna went to write and record dance/disco-oriented tracks with Bray and performed them at downtown clubs. She was quickly spotted by DJ Mark Kamins at the latter club. Madonna presented a four-track demo to him, he immediately made a deal and signed contracts. Madonna's self titled debut album was a mixture of sexy attitude, and streetwise sass. Her bare midriff, weird costume jewelry, and her I-don't-care attitude helped to make her unique personality that the world would get to know her as. Her first version of Everybody, released as Madonna's first single at the end of 1982. Her second single camde from the debut album, Physical Attraction also proved to be a club favorite. In June 1983, Madonna had her 3rd club hit with the outstanding, Holiday, which was produced by her new boyfriend, dance pop mix-master John Benitez. The following month, Holiday became her first billboard Top 40 hit. After that happened, Madonna had been certified quadruple-platinum with sales 4.4 million units in the US and 3.3 million units internationally. By the end of 1884, Madonnas second studio album, Like A Virgin was ready to be released. This album featured her songs Material Girl and Dress You Up. The album scored her first #1 hit and gold single in Dec of "84". To date, Like A Virgin has achieved 10 platinum certifications for sales exceeding 10 million units in the US. Late in 1984, Madonna began working on her first starring role in a film, Susan Seidelman's Desperately Seeking Susan, where she played a naive housewife. It was success in 1985 and brought out her musical talent to the world. In February of of 1985, Madonna made a brief appearance in Vision Quest as a nightclub singer, which scored her the second #1 hit and gold single for her career for the song Crazy For You, which also topped the charts in May. One of Madonna's highlights was meeting Sean Penn in 1985 shooting the video for Material Girl. After the song hit #2, Madonna kicked off the Virgin Tour in Seattle. It was her first set of 35 US concert dates, with Patrick Leonard as musical director and the Beastie Boys as openers. Not only did Madonna have a wonderful voice and performance but she didn't

Afghanistan,War,and Children

Afghanistan,War,and Children Free Online Research Papers Afghanistan has been in a continuous state of civil war since the 1970’s. As is known, war affects all aspects of life. The Afghan war has affected billions of people worldwide and quiet possible has had its biggest effect on the children of Afghanistan. About half of the country’s population is under the age of 18, which means 15 million children. Out of that 15 million, 5 million are under the age of 5 (UNICEF). The children of Afghanistan lead dangerous and tortured lives because of these wars. Afghanistan lacks proper child labor laws, health and nutrition programs, and the education that is necessary for these children to grow into civilized citizens of their country. Globally, there are 215 million children against whom the act of child labor is committed (12 June World). In Afghanistan, this problem worsens by the day. Because of all the wars, especially after the Soviet and Taliban invasions, many of the men and women were wounded. These invasions also left many children orphaned and left to survive the streets alone. Those children became adults, adults who grew up without proper schooling and who, for the most part, are illiterate. While those adults survived decades of war and violence they do not possess the education, and/or professional skills to use in the workforce to be able to provide for their families. The children are forced to step up and go out into the workforce. They become the main, and in some cases, the sole, breadwinner for their families and continue the cycle contributing high poverty and low literacy. Some estimate that as much as 30 percent of school aged children are now in the workforce, of that 30 percent, 21 percent are employed in shops and 13 as street vendors. They work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, and can be found doing anything from working on plantations to repairing vehicles, tailoring, and farming (Mohd). In Kabul, and many other major cities of Afghanistan, these children shine shoes, beg, clean cars, sell plastic bags, scrap metal, paper, and firewood on the streets. A child’s rights officer at the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) says, â€Å"Both male and female children have been the increasing victims of war and criminality in Afghanistan but the government has not done enough to alleviate their hardship and to reduce their deprivation.† (Mohd) Efforts to reduce the child labor rates are underway. According to Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, every child has the right to education, and free education should be accessible to all children on the basis of equal opportunity. (Yecha) Afghan law also mandates education up to the ninth grade and provides free education up to university level. Afghanistan also made plans in 2006 at the London Convention to have 50 percent of girls and 75 percent of boys enrolled in school by the end of this year. Also, in March of 2010, UNICEF and the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed the UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) Country Programme Action Plan for 2010-2013. (Ayari) Because security in the country is well, insecure. The programme is geared toward â€Å"fast track high-impact interventions† that will tie in with existing development programs, emergency response planning, and that are aimed at accessing areas in disadvantaged communities. Over the next 4 years, 400 million dollars will be spent bettering the country for the future generation. However, child labor is not the only, and definitely not the biggest concern for Afghan children. According to Save the Children, In Afghanistan, it is more likely that a child dies before the age of 5, than it is for the child to ever see adulthood. Nearly 6o percent of Afghani children will die from illness that could have been prevented because of lack of nutrition and lack of access to clean water (One Fourth). Although there are ‘conflict zones’ like Helmand that are the most heavily aided places in the world, there are many families that are outside of these zones that are unable to access food and clean water for their children and yet there is no shortage of food in most parts of the country (McCarthy). Diarrhea and respiratory diseases are major causes of child mortality. Often the main problem is bad hygiene, said Eric Ouannes the head of mission for the French aid organization Action Contre la Faim. More often than not, the problem is bad hygiene and lack of p roper care of the resources the people have. There is no need to alert the world to an impending famine, he says. But there is a need to look closely at health care issues over the long term (McCarthy). The second pillar in UNICEF’s Country Programme Action Plan addresses health care and nutrition. It includes implementing new health, nutrition, and hygiene programs as well as educating communities about prevention interventions. (Ayari) Although improper food and nutrition and an elaborate case of over working of Afghan children has proved life threatening physically, the lack of education in Afghanistan will prove fatal to the country as a whole. Because of the Taliban, girls were not allowed to attend schools and the boys were sold into the military. That generation of children that grew up during the reign of the Taliban has been denied their basic rights to better themselves and thus, better their country. Now because they do not possess the skills needed to survive in the working world, their children are also missing out on schooling to become child laborers and provide for their family instead of attending class and making a more permanent impact. And the cycle continues. Over 70 percent of the population in Afghanistan is currently illiterate. With a sheer lack of schools and the socio-religious mindset that is Afghanistan today; 15 million children are deprived of an education (Afghan Children Deprived). In areas where there are schools, the teachers are underpaid, overworked, and unqualified. Classes must be held in tents, or under trees, outdoors on footpaths, but what happens during bad weather conditions that make it impossible for the children to focus on their learning? Even these spaces become virtually unusable in the worst of conditions. Slowly but surely, the education crisis in Afghanistan is being addressed by both the Afghan government, and organizations helping in the aid of the country. Since 2001, the enrollment of girls in school has gone from 3 percent while the Taliban was in power, to one-third of all students (Afghan Children’s Plight). However, with enrollment reaching new heights, so is the concern for suicide bombings and air strikes from US and NATO forces in, on, and around schools. The new Afghan law declares mandatory education up to the ninth grade and provides free education up to the university level. In 2006, at a conference held in London, Afghanistan government set up goals to have 50 percent of girls and 75 percent of boys in school by the end of this year. (Yecha) This also goes hand in hand with bringing the child labor rates down. If Afghanistan can educate their children and get them off of the streets working, Afghanistan will be in a much better place. UNICEF’s Country Pr ogramme Action Plan also addresses educating some of the worse off communities about prevention of some illnesses in its second pillar (Ayari). In the long run, that will be the answer to Afghanistan’s problem. Education. We as Americans take lightly all that we are offered here in this country; especially what is available to our children. Our government provides food, clothing, living expenses, social security, etc. Granted, our government is not perfect, but here we have been blessed with the â€Å"right† to address our government with our concerns and to see something be done about it. American children, unlike the Afghan children, are protected by child labor laws, running water, and everything necessary readily available for their health and education. The children of Afghanistan are the ones that will make the difference for their country. By educating the up and coming population of the country we can teach them to be self sufficient. By giving the future generation an education, we provide the country with the doctors, nurses, teachers, government officials they need to bring Afghanistan to a better place in the future. â€Å"The young are the only ones that can rehabilitate our count ry, because you cannot start over with the old generation.† Shafiq Popal, 30, leader of a youth organization. By bettering one country, we better our entire world. â€Å"Afghan Children Deprived of Rights.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan 20 Nov. 2009: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 7 July 2010. During the 3 decades of war in Afghanistan, 300,000 children died. A large number of the children that die each year are due to malnutrition and 1/3 of landmine victims in Afghanistan are children. On top of that there are tragic living conditions that affect all aspects of the Afghan children’s lives. The lack of schools and the socio-religious mindset of people deprive 15 million Afghan children of their education. According to Action Aid, the majority of children are working to help support their families, and most of those children are the sole ‘bread winner’ for their families. There are 200,000 Afghan children with disabilities, for which the government has no benefits or aid for. The government needs to work to help these children and enact laws that ensure that their rights are not being violated and they can live fulfilling happy lives, as children. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. Some of the statistics and facts in the article were used to show the horrible living conditions of the Afghan children. The numbers the article quotes from ActionAid show that child labor is a huge problem in Afghanistan and something must done about it. â€Å"Afghan Children’s Plight.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan 12 May 2010: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 7 July 2010. In this article the author addresses the dangers that Afghan children face in Kabul today. He/she talks about how security in Afghanistan has gone down causing major concerns for the Afghani people, especially children. Martin Bell, UNICEF’s UK ambassador comments that although there has been ‘great progress’ in health, nutrition and education sectors in recent years, the children of Afghanistan are â€Å"at more risk now then they have been since 2002.† Since 2001, the enrollment of girls in school has gone from 3 percent while the Taliban was in power, to one-third of all students. With enrollment going up the concern for suicide bombings and air strikes from US and NATO forces are raising concerns, not only for citizen causalities, but also those involving schools. British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, believes that Afghanistan is the frontline state against the Taliban, and therefore appreciates all the efforts against terrorism there. He says that the work being done there is â€Å"important bulwark against terrorism everywhere in the world.â€Å" The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. The author states the importance of the efforts in Afghanistan and other countries to rid the world of terrorism. In my paper I used Martin Bell statement that says although there is some progress, there is still a lot that need to be done. While enrollment in schools has gone up for both boys and girls, security is still a big issue. Ayari, Farida. â€Å"New Country Programme Helps Children Achieve Their Rights in Afghanistan.† UNICEF. Ed. UNICEF. N.p., 4 Mar. 2010. Web. 14 July 2010. On February 25, 2010, UNICEF and the Afghan Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed the UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) Country Programme Action Plan for 2010-2013. (Ayari) Because security in the country is well, insecure. The programme is geared toward â€Å"fast track high-impact interventions† that will tie in with existing development programs, emergency response planning, and that are aimed at accessing areas in disadvantaged communities. Over the next 4 years, 400 million dollars will be spent bettering the country for the future generation. UNICEF stands for the United Children’s Fund. UNICEF was created with this purpose in mind – to work with others to overcome the obstacles that poverty, violence, disease and discrimination place in a child’s path. UNICEF has global authority and the power to influence great decision makers through its many partnerships. It is this that puts UNICEF in such a valuable role as an advocate for children’s rights all around the world. Information from this article was used to explain what UNICEF’s Country Programme Action Plan was, and how it is being used to help the children in Afghanistan live better lives. Mohd, Ahsan. â€Å"Will the Suffering of Afghan Children End?† Daily Outlook Afghanistan: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 8 July 2010. Because of long term wars and conflicts in Afghanistan like the Soviet Invasion and the harsh rule of the Taliban many Afghan children were orphaned and left to survive on their own. Those children became adults, adults without schooling who are illiterate. And while those now adults have survived years and years of war and violence they have no professional skills to use now that they are adults. Those adults now contribute to the high poverty level and their children are now responsible to go and work for a living continuing the cycle. In Afghanistan, 21 percent of child workers are employed in shops; 13 percent work as street vendors. They work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week. They do jobs such as vehicle repair, metal workshops, tailoring and farming. In Kabul and many other major cities of Afghanistan, there are children who shine shoes, beg, clean cars and collect and sell scrap metal, paper and firewood on the street for extra money. A child rights officer at the Afghanistan In dependent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) says, â€Å"Both male and female children have been the increasing victims of war and criminality in Afghanistan but the government has not done enough to alleviate their hardship and to reduce their deprivation.† Something must be done to bring security back to this country so these children can break the cycle and bring Afghanistan back. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. This article has a lot of useful information in regards to child labor in Afghanistan. AIHRC is quoted saying that the government is not doing enough to alleviate the hardships that the children (and their families) are facing. This among some of the other facts and figures were used in the paper. â€Å"One Fourth of Children Die before the Age of Five.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 8 July 2010. In Afghanistan, children are more likely to die before the age of five than they are to ever see adulthood, according to Save the Children. At the current rate, one child dies every 2 minutes. According to a study done by Save the Children, 2009 brought more deaths to Afghan children than any other year since the fall of the Taliban. The latest figures show that more than 1,050 children’s lives were lost in airstrikes, explosions, crossfire, and suicide bombings. But the war isn’t the only thing that is taking children’s’ lives. Almost 60 percent of Afghani children will die from preventable illnesses because of malnutrition and lack of access to good clean water. Although ‘conflict zones’ like Helmand are among the most heavily aided places in the world, families outside of these conflict zones are unable to access food and clean water for their children. If the World Aids really want to help they need to extend their aid to places outside o f the conflict zones so that so many wars-stricken children do not have to die. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. This article was used to show how poor the health care in Afghanistan, especially for the children, really is. It shows that the rate of children dying unnecessarily from preventable diseases. â€Å"12 June, World Day against Child Labor.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan 14 June 2010: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 14 July 2010. World Day Against Child Labor is observed on June 12 internationally. Eleven years ago the International Labor Organization’s Convention No. 182 was adopted by the international community. In Afghanistan children are not only subjected to various kinds of child labor but also to a lack of security in their country. For most of these families, the children bring in the only source of income, and if the children do not go out and work their family will go hungry. According to a UN report 346 Afghan children were killed in 2009, and if the violence continues the numbers will be worse in 2010. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. Some of the statistics and figures in this article were used to help support the fact that child labor is a huge and devastating problem in Afghanistan, and around the world. Yecha, Sher Ali. â€Å"Child Labor in Afghanistan Nothing Done so Far.† Daily Outlook Afghanistan 7 Dec. 2009: n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 7 July 2010. One in six children in the world are exploited and/or abused in child labor. These children are everywhere working in landmines, plantations, and workshops. In Afghanistan this problem grows more several by the day. The problem lies in political tension and inequalities socioeconomically. According to some estimates 30 percents of school aged children are working. After the Soviet and Taliban invasion most of the men and women were wounded. Because of this many of these children are often the only source of income for their families. In Afghanistan, 21 percent of child workers are employed in shops; 13 percent work as street vendors. They work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week. Efforts to reduce to reduce the child labor rates are underway. According to article 28 of the convention on the rights of the child, every child has the right to education and free education should be accessible to all children on the basis of equal opportunity. Afghan Law declares education mandatory up to nint h grade and provides free education up to university level. In 2006, there was a conference held in London where Afghanistan set goals that were to be met by 2010. This plan includes enrollment of 50 percent of girls and 75 percent of boys in schools. The Daily Outlook Afghanistan is the first English, independent newspaper in Afghanistan. It is read nation-wide with 100,000 circulated daily by Afghanistan Group of Newspapers. They are an independent media group that also published Daily Afghanistan, one of the largest newspapers in Afghanistan. Because a lot of the population is illiterate, Daily Outlook Afghanistan is mainly read in embassies, NGO’s, UN Agencies, educational institutions and other organizations. Both the Daily Outlook and Daily Afghanistan go to 32 or 34 provinces in the country. To show what is being done in Afghanistan to try and bring up the rates of children in schools. It discusses the goals of the Convention of Rights of Children and the new Afghan Law. Research Papers on Afghanistan,War,and ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtStandardized Testing

Frequency Response of Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frequency Response of Networks - Essay Example The essay "Frequency Response of Networks" talks about the theory behind frequency response in inductive and capacitive reactances and presents the plot of frequency response of the RC filter and which regions that these filters operate in. Frequency domain analysis is easier than time domain analysis It is important to obtain the frequency response of a circuit because we can predict its response to any Input signal. There are four general types of filters: Low-pass filters (LPF), Band-pass filters, High-pass filter (HPF) and Band-Reject (Stop). In this laboratory experiment, we will plot the frequency response of a network by analyzing RC passive filters. Capacitive reactance derivation from equation Vcos(ω t + p) where V is the amplitude (can be current or potential), ω is the angular frequency, t is time, and ÃŽ ¦ is a phase shift. The current flowing through a capacitor is given by i = C(dv/dt). Naturally, since v = V cos(ωt+ ÃŽ ¦), DV/dt would equal - ω Vsin(ωt+ ÃŽ ¦). Using trigonometric identity we can rewrite sin as cos and get –ωVcos (ωt+ {ÃŽ ¦ -90}) (subtracting 90 degrees from sin to get cosine) by taking the derivative of the voltage and multiplying it by the capacitance we get the current flowing through the capacitor i = - ωCVcos(ωt+ [ÃŽ ¦ -90]). This is in the time domain. In order to derive the impedance/reactance, it must be converted to the frequency domain by writing the voltage and current as a phasor solving using Euler's Identity where ejx = cosx + jsinx j is the imaginary number.

A model of Christian charity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A model of Christian charity - Essay Example Human beings have a tendency to manipulate things in their favor, they take the smallest chance they have and grab the opportunity to live with someone else’s glory for them. John Winthrop made speeches to bring people towards God and reconcile them with God. He came up with strategies make his mission a success, which involved his metaphorical city on hills. The Americans used this concept to magnify themselves become the world’s chosen nation. A model of Christian charity was a sermon delivered by john Winthrop; this was done on board the Arbella in 1630. In the sermon, his aim was to show the true value of puritan faith. The crowd on board was approximately 300 people, all these people were convinced by John Winthrop’s sermon and would soon become the first population of Massachusetts who believed that they were an experiment of freedom and independence in religion. At this time, religious communities were so possessive that people were not given the freedom t o worship in any way they want, they were tie to certain rules within which they were to abide. The sermon convinced all the 300 people that they lacked religious freedom and that they should join the puritan religion, which would give them the freedom they lacked. So those who were aboard the arbella were the first of their kind, they were the first puritan community to reach North America. They had with then the Massachusetts Bay colony charter, which they intended to take to Salem in Massachusetts. The mission was of so much importance to the puritans in Massachusetts. In Britain, however this was seen as an opening to further trading opportunities and chances for expand their colonial posts; the puritans on the other hand were on a mission from God and had no any ill motives. This mission was to test the faith of the puritans; it would really convey their intentions and see if they were genuine or had ill motives, like their counterparts in Britain1. American Exeptionalism, The Jeremiad, And the Frontier: From the Puritans to the Neo-Con Man, is an article written by William Spano, tells how Sacvan Bercovich’s summary helped to understand the concept of the puritan religion. Bercovitch explains that the puritans are like the Jews in the Old Testament who claimed to be God’s chosen people; the puritans were convinced that their movement from Europe was a new revolution to the church. They thought of it as a new inaugural moment for a providential history, this was mainly to rectify the world that had moved away from their creator, and to claim it back. They were on a mission to save humanity and re-establish their relationship with God. They thought they were the tool for reconciliation just like the Jews of the Old Testament united humankind to God. The puritans’ mission in Massachusetts was the ultimate test to see if they were really, God’s chosen people, and a success in the mission would mean that they were indeed the chosen people of God. It is now more than four centuries since the sermon was made and we still see the traces of this experiment, the politicians use it every day, they, however, do not use it to describe America and its role in the global society. The phrase city on a hill is a legend used by American history to refer to the sermon of john Winthrop. The Americans have lived to believe that the sermon in a way insinuated that they were God’s chosen country, in 1961; American president John F Kennedy made a speech in which he referred to Americans as having their eyes on the leadership so that there are no any cases of bad leadership. He referred to it as the city on the hill and everyone looked upon it, meaning that the whole world had their eyes on America. The aim of this speech was to tell Americans that they should be good role models to other countries since they are perceived to be the chosen country, hence should look after the world. This greatly shows the American exeptio nalism. When Winthrop talked about the city on the

Evaluation Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation Project - Essay Example (Report 5) The report itself utilized many acronyms however, each of these were explained prior to the use of said acronym with the first usage of an acronym being the name of the agency assembling the report, National Incident Command (NIC). Each acronym upon initial use was expanded to show the meaning of the acronym should it be used later in the report. One specific figure was used to assist in visually clarifying the best estimates of what happened to the oil that was released as a result of the incident. This was done on the first page of the report itself. In additional places of the report that may have required charts or figures to help understand the reported estimates and percentages links to alternative locations were given which further clarified the report. The links available did not necessarily clarify the information; the links themselves should have included information that summarized the reason for the links. Additionally the report itself was relatively short wit hout repetitive phrasing or unnecessary information. It could be said that the report was in fact to brief for what was expected of the report. However, the authors did make it clear that they expected additional information to be added as time went on.

Galtung and Ruges model of news values

Galtung and Ruges model of news values 1 Using examples from one edition of a newspaper or a television newscast, critically evaluate Galtung and Ruges model of news values and their relevance in contemporary news culture. Galtung J. and Ruge M. (1981) Structuring and Selecting News in Cohen S. and Young J. The Manufacture of News Constable. (You may also find it useful to consult the fuller version of this article in Tunstall J. ed. Media Sociology: A Reader, Constable, 1970). The classic framework. You should also use at least one of the following evaluations: Bell A. (1991) The Language of News Media, Blackwell, p.155-161. INTRODUCTION Johan Galtung and Marie Holmboe Ruge (1965) through their empirical research and theoretical approach on the models of news values defined it as specific standards adhered to by media professionals in the structuring ,selection and production of news stories worthy of reporting to the audience by news reporter, journalist, and broadcasting media professionals also as a general guidelines and criteria that determines the worth of news and how much prominence is given by newspapers, radio, or television reporters. News values are based on a variety of ideas or assumption which form the ideological background to the work of editors, reporters and journalist (Bell,1991).The way in which news is reported is heavily reliable, and dependent on the news providers processing , structuring and reporting of the news content to the audience through newspapers, television, and radio broadcast medium. News values practices both globally and locally can be analyzed alongside Galtung an d Ruges (1967) model of news values providing comprehensive insight to the intentions of the news media industry and their relevance in contemporary news culture practices today both in the national and international news media as reported in the news by these journalist, reporters and media professionals making stories that are newsworthy. Galtung and Ruges model is very straight and comprehensive in its research and academic thoughts on how news are being structured , but not without criticism from other emerging scholars and academia on how relevant these news values can affect other media professionals, reporters, and journalist within in the international scene of contemporary news reporting, structuring and production in the media news values culture . In a recent study, Cohen Young,(1973) Galtung and Ruges models, have also supported and complemented these news values ideology involved in the structure and selection of news and its values making it newsworthy for the audience and readership. There are fundamentals to understanding news production and the choices that editors, producers and other journalists face in decision making on what news values seems more news worthy than another thereby making the media professionals responsible in accounting for the way the news are structured with particular reference to the news values ethical standards, norms and guides in the ideology of model of news values on journalism. Journalist have taken this analysis as a starting point and developed from it a set of principles that should used in identifying newsworthy information. Bell (1991) illustrates Galtung and Ruge news values and discussion on the processes involved in the structuring, presentation and selection news stories report by journalist. These basic twelve news values provide a structural basis for journalists to report stories that are newsworthy to audience ensuring they conform with these ethics. In Galtung and Ruges model, if the news values are adhered to, the story will be successful in reaching, and keeping the public informed and update is largely based on the psychology of perception by the audience, and argues that audiences receive news stories through these factors referred to as the news values which the reporters, journalist and editors are responsible on making these news informative, entertaining in capturing their interest on the way news are consumed. Galtung and Ruge recognised that people cannot absorb very large amounts of news and information, they are choices of selection involved in the information and in doing so only s elect what seems important and of interest to them. It is in this process that journalists and news organization, professionals select and report information to appeal to its main consumers and readership. These news values now come into place, with news producers structuring the news reported around these values to achieve the greatest interest and impact in ensuring it attracts the interest of audience. (CohenYoung, 1973) Galtung and Ruges twelve news values can also be sub-divided , these news values includes the main basic eight universally accepted and the four which he termed can be culturally specific by media reports and journalist as a general factors consisting of frequency, amplitude, unambiguity, meaningfulness, consonance, unexpectedness, continuity,while the other four factors negativity, threshold, cultural proximity are based on the cultural specification varying from national and international source of news processing, selection, and structuring involved in the event of news making and the worthiness of the news values . What we choose or select as news stories could be culturally determined, since the audience and readers cannot accumulate every news content, there is a choice of selection on individual differences, and the probability on how the issues in questions will attract a readers attention or listener (CohenYoung, 1973). These values provide journalists with a mechanism to so rt through quickly, process and select the news from that vast amount of information made available. have taken this analysis as a starting point and developed from it a set of principles that journalists should use to identify newsworthy information. Although Galtung and Ruge model was researched over thirty years ago, it still remains the most adaptable and acceptable news values model until present day in news making and journalism. Most media analysis or discourse of news values will refer to most of Galtung and Ruges classification of news values despite the criticism from other academic scholars and schools of thought, which provides the ideology that important stories which scores highly on each value are likely to become the headline news bulletin, or make the front page of a newspaper stories or television broadcast. Also it is important to note that these news values factors were more implemented by reporters, journalist and media producers in the western and scandinavian countries of Galtung and Ruges model in the structure, selection and reporting of news content which will be critically evaluated from my point of view, though these news values being the dominant model ,it still varies from other national and internati onal news reports, media broadcasting ideologies being practiced across other parts of the globe outside the western countries and north american hemisphere. According to other schools of thought by journalism and media scholars there is no end to lists of news criteria (p. 31). Among the many lists of news values that have been drawn up by scholars and journalists, some like Galtung and Ruges news values model attempts to describe news practices across cultures, while others have become remarkably specific to the press of certain (often western) nations (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_values). Presently, virtually every media discourse and analytic discussion of news values will refer to most of Galtung and Ruges model of news values models. In critically evaluating Galtung and Ruges twelve models of news values, a British newspaper editorial will be used in citing as a good evaluation analysis on how these news values hypothesis relates to present day processes of selection and structuring of news by editors , reporters, journalist and media professional in contemporary society and its criticism in properly analyzing the realities with reference to Britain newspaper within the western media context, and the news values critically evaluated in both foreign and local news media context on how these news values are being implemented for audience interest. SUN NEWSPAPER CRITICAL EVALUTION OF GALTUNG AND RUGE MODEL In the Sun news paper edition of Thursday, December 17, 2009 with the caption headline JOES GOT FRIENDS IN HIGH PLACES illustrates the selection process of newsworthy media text by these newspaper editors to attract the audience readers with such a caption, Galtung and Ruges model analyses the need for inter- relationship of how these news values are being implemented by the news reporters, editors in making the lead front page story which relates to the way news reporting are selected, structured and presented to suit the basic norms and ethics guiding the news values processes in media industry. Cohen Young (1981, pg56) states that structuring and selection of news stories can be highlighted with these news values that the more events concerns elite persons and elite nations activity makes a good newsworthy story in the selection process of the manufacturing of news stories. The front page lead story news headline involves the news values model of elite person and the elite nation with royalties of the government is being implemented by the news editor in making it a headline caption will be more of interest concerning global powers and the impact of the news with relevance on how these news may affect on the home culture and the lives of the people with the national context and specifically on the culture will definitely be the main interest of attention to the readership audience making it newsworthy lead front page story. The news values of meaningfulness with the audience who share same values, culture and ideology will make a good interest point and receive more media c overage which the lead page story of the editorial highlights and the hypothesis of continuity which the story been very accessible to the audience will definitely be included by the reporters in the selection process of the news, making it attractive to audience readership. Galtung and Ruges model that when a news seems to be very important to the audience and still running in media will be of great importance and continued to be covered by reporters for some time.(Bell Bells (1991) evaluation of Galtung and Ruge news values model states that the presentation of a story enhances its chances of being news worthy for audience. The reference to elite person, and elite nation highlighted in the front page headline lead story of the newspaper and the news decision by editors, confirms with the news values ethics of western media industry in implementing these news model making it very favourable news within the competitive market of news media industry in ensuring the news gets to the audiences. The famous and powerful in the society are being treated of being of more importance which the front page story tends to capture as a newsworthy story and how their decision and action can affect peoples life, which is portrayed with the activities of such elite activity and its importance in making a good news from the journalist ideology of news values in contemporary western news culture, because it combines the publics supposed interest with the famous and el ite activity in the news within the cultural proximity of Britain which makes it a newsworthy story. Gatlung and Ruges news values of meaningfulness inter relates in the front page story illustration of the event with the hypothesis of the relevance of these news affecting the lives of the people within the cultural proximity.(Bell,1991) The unambiguity news value model illustrated by Bell, states that the more clear cut a story is, the more it is favoured (Bell,1991) .But critically evaluating these model in the front page lead story on the Sun newspaper editorial , it can be critically evaluated that the editorial publication might not be of interest to someone outside the cultural proximity or geographical context of Britain, and the non -western media axis, from readers in another country and will not attract readership interest based on individual perception within the international and foreign news media context, and may vary from different norms and guides considering the news values and cultures on how reporters and journalist, editors in other non-western countries may stru cture, select and produce their news stories in contemporary news culture and journalism. Galtung and Ruges hypothesis of frequency in the lead story being the royal hierarchy in britain is a point of interest and attention to readers from the reporters and editors implementation of the news story making it a news headline front page story with the impact of the news headlines relating to the meaningfulness of the event, relevance in the lives of the people and the cultural proximity of the british audiences within the national scene, and journalist selection and production of these news stories. In critically evaluating Galtung and Ruges model on the front page story of the Sun Newspaper editorial, it can be evaluated that the use of news codes which the model pays little or no attention to with use of language in the front page story news with the use of photographs was very visible, and also being a newspaper editorial not all aspects of the news values are being captured by these medium. Meanwhile these news values model still remains the most comprehensive school of thought on media and journalism in western countries media on the news information selection and structuring by media reporters, and editors within international news and national news (Cohen Young, 1973). The ideology of the news values model of these front page stories concentrates on the holders of political power not holder of the economic power within the news values. The criticism of these lead page story also centres on some news values model which it categorically states are responsible for the news ,but they are complex issues involved in news making than the SECOND FRONT PAGE LEAD STORY CRITICAL EVALUATION. OF GALTUNG AND RUGE MODEL. The frequency news value hypothesis as evaluated by Bells (1991) in the content of the news states that the best news is something which has only just happened making it definitely to be news worthy for attracting audience interest and readership, The more similar the frequency of the event to the news medium, the more probable that it will be recorded as a news(CohenYoung, 1981). The sub- heading editorial on the front page headline new story with continuation on the second page lead story also has the combination of various news values which are inter- related in ensuring the news editors make a complete and interesting process involved in news selection, structuring to suit the audience. The news values of negativity in the newspaper highlights the editors approach of making the information of concern and interest which seems a Galtung and Ruges model in evaluating these news values model shown with the second page lead story YOUNG N DOLED in the editorial with an emerging situati on on the issues concerns the hypothesis of threshold which hold that the bigger the impact of the story and its relevance on the people , the better it make a good story relates in these second page editorial on the seriousness and will be of interest to audience with such caption headline news making it newsworthy. Galtung and ruges news values of meaningfulness shows that the audience will be attracted to such news , as an event which seems to affect the lives of the audiences seems more relevance as being newsworthy. The cultural proximity of Britain and the impact on how it affects all the people will enhance its newsworthiness to the audience within the international news media agenda. In Bells evaluation on these news values, the negativity hypothesis makes the second page story very understanding on the news selection process by the editors on how the journalist and editor shape the news content and making it very interesting good news process of structuring, selection and p resentation to its reading audience. Though the news has a short fall in the consonance, and composition news values model which doesnt make it a complete news values report by journalism ethics and the reports maybe biased, and inaccurate as a political propaganda by political opponents. Bell (1991) states that negativity news values makes the formal norm of news reporting from historical perspective, that bad news makes a good news story which journalist argue with Galtung and Ruges model of news value and its very conflicting that what attracts audience interest is bad news in media reporting, which seems illustrated in the second page lead story news caption. Bad news stories are more likely to be reported than good news because they are more likely to score high on other news values, such as threshold, unexpectedness, unambiguity and meaningfulness .Thomas(2009) Galtung and Ruges news values with the hypothesis of threshold holds an important issue in the seriousness of the news article and situation affecting the lives of the people. The process involved in the organization, selection and presentation of these news stories from the editors although analysis by J. Galtung and M. Ruge showed that several factors are consistently applied across a range of news organizations on how best these makes up a good news story to the audience.